Effendi
Effendi or effendy ( ; ; originally from ) is a title of nobility meaning ''sir'', ''lord'' or ''master'', especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus''.'' The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek ''aphentēs'' which is derived from Ancient Greek ''authentēs'' meaning lord.It is a title of respect or courtesy, equivalent to the English Sir. It was used in the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. It follows the personal name, when it is used, and is generally given to members of the learned professions and to government officials who have high ranks, such as ''bey'' or ''pasha''. It may also indicate a definite office, as , chief physician to the sultan. The possessive form ''efendim'' (my master) was formerly used by slaves, and is commonplace in formal discourse, when answering the telephone, and can substitute for "excuse me" in some situations (e.g. asking someone to repeat something).
In the Ottoman era, the most common title affixed to a personal name after that of ''agha'' was ''efendi''. Such a title would have indicated an "educated gentleman", hence by implication a graduate of a secular state school (), even though at least some if not most of these efendis had once been religious students, or even religious teachers.
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work ''Turkish Life in Town and Country'' that Ottoman Christians, women, mullahs, sheiks, and princes of the Ottoman royal family could become ''effendi'', a title carrying "the same significance as the French ''Monsieur''" and which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our 'Esquire' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]".
The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s. Provided by Wikipedia
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Molecular characterization of indigenous microbes and its potential as a biological control agent of Fusarium stem rot disease (Fusarium verticillioides) on maize by Hishar Mirsam, Suriani, Muhammad Aqil, Muhammad Azrai, Roy Efendi, Ahmad Muliadi, Hasil Sembiring, Asti Irawanti Azis
Published 2022-12-01
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Vulvar Angiomyofibroblastoma: A Case Report by Mustafa Ulubay, Ugur Keskin, Ulas Fidan, Fahri Burcin Firatligil, Armagan Gunal, Riza Efendi Karaca, Ali Ergun
Published 2015-12-01
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Evaluation of student internship programs to support the sustainability of vocational education institutions and industrial cooperation programs by Suhartanta Suhartanta, Ngatman Soewito, Hiryanto Hiryanto, Nunik Sugesti, Yosep Efendi, Siti Perdi Rahayu, Yusri Bin Kamin
Published 2024-03-01
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Indonesian Nurses’ Journey in Passing the Japan National Nursing Licensure Examination by Haryanto J, Efendi F, Indarwati R, Kuswanto H, Ulfiana E, Has EMM, Aurizki GE, Kurniati A, Almutairi WM
Published 2022-12-01
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Pengembangan Usaha Produk Ma-min Fungsional Hasil Kolaborasi Siswa dengan Guru untuk Nilai Tambah Ekonomi Unit Bisnis Sekolah Luar Biasa Negeri Batu by Mohammad Efendi, Rina Rifqie Mariana, Yon Ade Lose Hermanto, Eurima Zahra Rahma Fadila, Ayu Putriningtyas, Imam Syafi’i
Published 2023-10-01
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Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga Di Desa Bargot Topong Kecamatan Batang Angkola Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan Provinsi Sumatera Utara by Esli Zuraidah Siregar, Nurintan Muliani Harahap, Nurharisyah Hasibuan, Aisyah Budi Harahap, Anas Habibi Ritonga, Masrul Efendi Umar Harahap
Published 2023-12-01
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