Effendi
Effendi or effendy ( ; ; originally from ) is a title of nobility meaning ''sir'', ''lord'' or ''master'', especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus''.'' The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek ''aphentēs'' which is derived from Ancient Greek ''authentēs'' meaning lord.It is a title of respect or courtesy, equivalent to the English Sir. It was used in the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. It follows the personal name, when it is used, and is generally given to members of the learned professions and to government officials who have high ranks, such as ''bey'' or ''pasha''. It may also indicate a definite office, as , chief physician to the sultan. The possessive form ''efendim'' (my master) was formerly used by slaves, and is commonplace in formal discourse, when answering the telephone, and can substitute for "excuse me" in some situations (e.g. asking someone to repeat something).
In the Ottoman era, the most common title affixed to a personal name after that of ''agha'' was ''efendi''. Such a title would have indicated an "educated gentleman", hence by implication a graduate of a secular state school (), even though at least some if not most of these efendis had once been religious students, or even religious teachers.
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work ''Turkish Life in Town and Country'' that Ottoman Christians, women, mullahs, sheiks, and princes of the Ottoman royal family could become ''effendi'', a title carrying "the same significance as the French ''Monsieur''" and which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our 'Esquire' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]".
The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s. Provided by Wikipedia
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Electrochemical strategy for grown ZnO nanoparticles deposited onto HY zeolite with enhanced photodecolorization of methylene blue: Effect of the formation of Si O Zn bonds by Sapawe, N., Jalil, A.A., Triwahyono, S., Sah, R.N.R.A., Jusoh, N.W.C., Hairom, Nur Hanis Hayati, Efendi, J.
Published 2013
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Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in women of reproductive age across low- and middle-income countries based on national data by Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Ferry Efendi, Lisa McKenna, Eva Belingon Felipe-Dimog, Dagmawi Chilot, Santo Imanuel Tonapa, Ika Adelia Susanti, Agus Zainuri
Published 2023-11-01
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544
Improving flipped classroom learning for patients with diabetes mellitus: an exploration into the influence of educational factors by Suyanto Suyanto, Tintin Sukartini, Ferry Efendi, Muhammad Arifin Noor, Ahmad Ikhlasul Amal, Indah Sri Wahyuningsih, Dwi Retno Sulistyaningsih, Wigyo Susanto, Abrori Abrori
Published 2024-04-01
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545
The Prevalence, Etiology and Treatment of Gastroduodenal Ulcers and Perforation: A Systematic Review by Rizki Amalia, Amie Vidyani, Reny I’tishom, Wiwin Is Efendi, Edwin Danardono, Bogi Pratomo Wibowo, Muhammad Lutfi Parewangi, Muhammad Miftahussurur, Hoda M. Malaty
Published 2024-02-01
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INOVASI PENANAMAN BIBIT AREN UNTUK KONSERVASI DI BANTARAN SUNGAI BATANG HARI DI NAGARI SUNGAI DAREH KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA by Zahlul Ikhsan, Indra Dwipa, Yaherwandi Yaherwandi, Reflinaldon Reflinaldon, Edwin Edwin, Dewi Rezki, Irwin Mirza Umami, Siska Efendi, Wulan Kumala Sari, Dede Suhendra
Published 2021-03-01
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547
Relative Sea Level Trends for the Coastal Areas of Peninsular and East Malaysia Based on Remote and In Situ Observations by Wim Simons, Marc Naeije, Zaki Ghazali, Wan Darani Rahman, Sanusi Cob, Majid Kadir, Asrul Mustafar, Ami Hassan Din, Joni Efendi, Prakrit Noppradit
Published 2023-02-01
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548
Relationship between peer group support with foot care behavior among diabetes mellitus patients: an observational study by Suyanto Suyanto, Tintin Sukartini, Ferry Efendi, Tafrihatul Fauzi, Moch. Arifin Noor, Ahmad Ikhlasul Amal, Indah Sri Wahyuningsih, Dwi Retno Sulistyaningsih, Furaida Khasanah
Published 2024-01-01
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Optimization and Characterization of Adsorbent from Palm Kernel Shell Waste Using H3PO4 Activator by M. Julian Herlambang, Adityas Agung Ramandani, Devy Cendekia, Livia Rhea Alvita, Yeni Ria Wulandari, Shintawati Shintawati, Mawar Siti Purnani, Dimas Amirul Mukminin Nur Efendi
Published 2023-12-01
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Knowledge improvement of agricultural extender through technical guidance of paddy soil test kit by Yahumri Y., Fauzi E., Putra W.E., Ishak A., Alfayanti Alfayanti, Miswarti Miswarti, Firison J., Hidayat T., Efendi Z., Rosmanah S., Ramon E., Rahman T., Afrizon A.
Published 2023-01-01
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Genotype by Environment Interaction on Tropical Maize Hybrids Under Normal Irrigation and Waterlogging Conditions by Muhammad Azrai, Roy Efendi, Ahmad Muliadi, Muhammad Aqil, Suwarti, Bunyamin Zainuddin, Amiruddin Syam, Junaedi, Uswah Trywulan Syah, Abil Dermail, Siti Marwiyah, Willy Bayuardi Suwarno
Published 2022-06-01
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Worshippers smoking in mosques: Violation of fatwas of ulemas and governor regulation by Watni Marpaung, Muhammad A. Adly, Rustam Rustam, Akmaluddin Syahputra, Putra A. Siregar, Syahrial Arif Hutagalung, Muhammad S.A. Nasution, Fitri Hayati, Rahmad Efendi, Dhiauddin Tanjung
Published 2022-12-01
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Porphyromonas gingivalis association with inflammatory markers and exosomal miRNA-155 in saliva of periodontitis patients with and without diabetes diagnosed with COVID-19 by Boy M. Bachtiar, Endang W. Bachtiar, Ardiana Kusumaningrum, Hari Sunarto, Yuniarti Soeroso, Benso Sulijaya, Efa Apriyanti, Citra Fragrantia Theodorea, Irandi Putra Pratomo, Yudhistira, Defi Efendi
Published 2023-01-01
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The effect of virtual reality on cognitive, affective, and psychomotor outcomes in nursing staffs: systematic review and meta-analysis by Defi Efendi, Renny Wulan Apriliyasari, Juliana Gracia Eka Prihartami Massie, Cho Lee Wong, Regina Natalia, Bejo Utomo, Chiyar Edison Sunarya, Efa Apriyanti, Kee-Hsin Chen
Published 2023-05-01
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The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes [version 3; peer review: 2 approved] by Citra Fragrantia Theodorea, Ardiana Kusumaningrum, Boy M Bachtiar, Yudhistira Yudhistira, Widya Lestari, Endang Bachtiar, Irandi Putra Pratomo, Defi Efendi, Yuniarti Soeroso, Hari Sunarto, Efa Apriyanti, Benso Sulijaya
Published 2024-01-01
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Optimizing ensembles machine learning, genetic algorithms, and multivariate modeling for enhanced prediction of maize yield and stress tolerance index by Muhammad Azrai, Muhammad Aqil, N. N. Andayani, Roy Efendi, Suarni, Suwardi, Muhammad Jihad, Bunyamin Zainuddin, Salim, Bahtiar, Ahmad Muliadi, Muhammad Yasin, Muhammad Fitrah Irawan Hannan, Rahman, Amiruddin Syam
Published 2024-02-01
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ACE2 expression in saliva of patients with COVID-19 and its association with Candida albicans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] by Endang W Bachtiar, Citra Fragrantia Theodorea, Ardiana Kusumaningrum, Boy M Bachtiar, Yudhistira ., Defi Efendi, Irandi Putra Pratomo, Fathilah Abdul Razak, Yuniarti Soeroso, Hari Sunarto, Efa Apriyanti, Benso Sulijaya
Published 2022-05-01
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ACE2 expression in saliva of patients with COVID-19 and its association with Candida albicans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] by Endang W Bachtiar, Citra Fragrantia Theodorea, Ardiana Kusumaningrum, Boy M Bachtiar, Yudhistira ., Defi Efendi, Irandi Putra Pratomo, Fathilah Abdul Razak, Yuniarti Soeroso, Hari Sunarto, Efa Apriyanti, Benso Sulijaya
Published 2022-09-01
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Association between dysbiotic perio-pathogens and inflammatory initiators and mediators in COVID-19 patients with diabetes by Endang W. Bachtiar, Boy M. Bachtiar, Ardiana Kusumaningrum, Hari Sunarto, Yuniarti Soeroso, Benso Sulijaya, Citra Fragrantia Theodorea, Irandi Putra Pratomo, Yudhistira, Defi Efendi, Efa Apriyanti, Shahida Mohd Said
Published 2024-01-01
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