Effendi
Effendi or effendy ( ; ; originally from ) is a title of nobility meaning ''sir'', ''lord'' or ''master'', especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus''.'' The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek ''aphentēs'' which is derived from Ancient Greek ''authentēs'' meaning lord.It is a title of respect or courtesy, equivalent to the English Sir. It was used in the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. It follows the personal name, when it is used, and is generally given to members of the learned professions and to government officials who have high ranks, such as ''bey'' or ''pasha''. It may also indicate a definite office, as , chief physician to the sultan. The possessive form ''efendim'' (my master) was formerly used by slaves, and is commonplace in formal discourse, when answering the telephone, and can substitute for "excuse me" in some situations (e.g. asking someone to repeat something).
In the Ottoman era, the most common title affixed to a personal name after that of ''agha'' was ''efendi''. Such a title would have indicated an "educated gentleman", hence by implication a graduate of a secular state school (), even though at least some if not most of these efendis had once been religious students, or even religious teachers.
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work ''Turkish Life in Town and Country'' that Ottoman Christians, women, mullahs, sheiks, and princes of the Ottoman royal family could become ''effendi'', a title carrying "the same significance as the French ''Monsieur''" and which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our 'Esquire' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]".
The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s. Provided by Wikipedia
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A comparative study on single and multiple trait selections of equatorial grown maize hybrids by Muhammad Azrai, Muhammad Aqil, Roy Efendi, Nining Nurini Andayani, Andi Takdir Makkulawu, Rafidah Neni Iriany, Suarni, Muhammad Yasin, Suwardi, Bunyamin Zainuddin, Salim, Trias Sitaresmi, Bahtiar, Paesal, Willy Bayuardi Suwarno
Published 2023-06-01
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563
Pemberdayaan Kelompok Petani Kopi Karang Rejo untuk Meningkatkan Pemanfaatan Daun Kopi Menjadi Layak Konsumsi by Ardian Asyhari, Feti Yunita Sari, Nopal Reza Efendi, Dinda Nurjanah, Ocha Septianti, Bayu Putra, Dicy Maulana, Dayangku Intan, Andrea Bagas, Nurul Apriyadi, Muhammad Benard, Fauza Farida, Amar Syafaat, Indah Veronika
Published 2020-02-01
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564
Non-comorbid Respiratory Factor and Work of Breathing in Pediatric COVID-19 Patient: How is Their Synergistic Correlation with the Level of Care? by Defi Efendi, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Mega Hasanul Huda, Raudha Ilmi Farid, Yohanes Andy Rias, Yogi Prawira, Nina Dwi Putri, Ayuni Rizka Utami, Titik Ambar Asmarini, Pande Lilik Lestari, Pricilia Mais, Abram Babakal
Published 2022-12-01
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565
Acute and Subchronic Toxicological Study of the Cocktail Extract from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, Phyllanthus niruri L. and Morinda citrifolia L. by Idah Rosidah, Tiya Novlita Renggani, Nisrina Firdausi, Sri Ningsih, Prasetyawan Yunianto, Devi Permatasari, Olivia Bunga Pongtuluran, Hismiaty Bahua, Julham Efendi, Siska Andrina Kusumastuti, null Nuralih, Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien, null Nizar, Susi Kusumaningrum, Kurnia Agustini
Published 2024-01-01
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Determinants of neonatal deaths in Indonesia: A national survey data analysis of 10,838 newborns by Mahendra Tri Arif Sampurna, Kartika Dharma Handayani, Martono Tri Utomo, Dina Angelika, Risa Etika, Agus Harianto, Muhammad Pradhika Mapindra, Muhammad Pradhiki Mahindra, Ferry Efendi, Risma Kerina Kaban, Rinawati Rohsiswatmo, Visuddho Visuddho, Putu Bagus Dharma Permana
Published 2023-01-01
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567
Towards nationwide implementation of 40% biodiesel blend fuel in Indonesia: a comprehensive road test and laboratory evaluation by Mokhtar Mokhtar, Anis Sukmono, Hari Setiapraja, Muhammad Ma’ruf, Siti Yubaidah, Ihwan Haryono, Budi Rochmanto, Respatya Soewono, Kurnia Adhi Sukra, Arfi Thahar, Efendi Manurung, Cahyo Wibowo, Setyo Widodo, Faqih Supriyadi, Riva Abriyant, Dedi Suntoro, Faridha Faridha, Iman Reksowardojo
Published 2023-09-01
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Vaccination in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis – Part I by Bilge Piri Çınar, Aslı Tuncer, Nuray Bilge, Sena Destan Bünül, Rabia Gökçen Gözübatık-çelik, Eda Derle Çiftçi, Gencer Genç, Bedriye Karaman, Ahmet Kasım Kılıç, Alp Sarıteke, Meral Seferoğlu, Bedile İrem Tiftikçioğlu, Abdulkadir Tunç, Gülgün Uncu, İrfan Yavaş, Mehmet Fatih Yetkin, Hüsnü Efendi, Aksel Siva
Published 2023-04-01
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569
Vaccination in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis – Part II by Aslı Tuncer, Bilge Piri Çınar, Nuray Bilge, Sena Destan Bünül, Rabia Gökçen Gözübatık Çelik, Eda Derle Çiftçi, Gencer Genç, Bedriye Karaman, Ahmet Kasım Kılıç, Alp Sarıteke, Meral Seferoğlu, Ali Özhan Sıvacı, Bedile İrem Tiftikçioğlu, Abdulkadir Tunç, Gülgün Uncu, İrfan Yavaş, Mehmet Fatih Yetkin, Hüsnü Efendi, Aksel Siva
Published 2023-06-01
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570
Reef fish community structure in the waters of small islands Central Bangka Regency by Sudirman Adibrata, Wahyu Adi, Fera Angelia, Umam Komarullah, Dedi Dedi, Arham Hafidh Akbar, Eka Maulana, Sapriyadi Sapriyadi, Sofyan Sofyan, Dia Aldia, Animah Animah, Citra Ayu, Robi Gunawan, Muhammad Mahatir, Sandri Sandri, Rizki Evitulistiono, Febrianto Febrianto, Muhammad Ichsan Efendi, Agung Susanto, Muhammad Faris Alqodri, Nico Adriyansyah, Adisti Hafizah, Jemi Ferizal
Published 2024-03-01
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571
Fostering student empowerment for cultivating future leaders: a concept paper by Chia Sze Yee, Wan Amsyar Hadie Wan Mahadi, Muhammad Shahrulazmi Hashim, Mohd Nuriman Mohd Ridzuan, Meor Luqman Nur Haqeem Mohd Asri, Amirah 'Azizah Badrul Hisham, Puteri Khairunnissaq Mat Lazim, Noratika Efendi, Muhamad Zaid Irfan Mohd Norlizaiman, Khalid Isa, Mohd Faisal Hushim, Zolhafizi Jaidi, Muhamad Faris Hamidin, Mohamad Khairi Aliashak
Published 2024
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572
Advances in fundamentals and social sciences / by Shahrin Mohammad, Mohd. Salleh Abu, 1958-, Haslenda Hashim, Noorhalieza Ali, Saharudin Haron, Azizul Azri Md. Noor, Shaharuddin Salleh, Nur Ammi Hamzah, Saktioto, Abdul Jalil Ali, Mohamed Fadhali, Ho, Sze Phing, Bashir Ahmed Tahir, Hairul Shah Aziz, 1979-, Didik Aryanto, 1983-, Zulkafli Othaman, Abd. Khamim Ismail, Shahrizar Roslan, Rosnita Muhammad, Imam Sumpono, Amira Saryati Ameruddin, Zuhaimy Ismail, Mohammad Fadzli Ramli, Mohd. Saifullah Rusiman, Robiah Adnan, Efendi N. Nasibo, Loh, Ser Lee, Nor Haniza Sarmin, Yanuardi Raharjo, M. Marsin Sanagi, Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim, Ahmedy Abu Naim, Liew, Hwi Fen, 1984-, Noorddin Ibrahim, Ab. Khalik Wood, Laey, Nee Hu, Ali Hassan Mohamed Murid, Rohaidah Masri, Nor'aini Aris, Nor Haniza Sarmin, Morse, Robert, Napisah Mohd. Radzi
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The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021 by Nityanand Jain, I-Chun Hung, Hitomi Kimura, Yi Lin Goh, William Jau, Khoa Le Anh Huynh, Deepkanwar Singh Panag, Ranjit Tiwari, Sakshi Prasad, Emery Manirambona, Tamilarasy Vasanthakumaran, Tan Weiling Amanda, Ho-Wei Lin, Nikhil Vig, Nguyen Thanh An, Emmanuel Uwiringiyimana, Darja Popkova, Ting-Han Lin, Minh Anh Nguyen, Shivani Jain, Tungki Pratama Umar, Mohamed Hoosen Suleman, Elnur Efendi, Chuan-Ying Kuo, Sikander Pal Singh Bansal, Sofja Kauškale, Hui-Hui Peng, Mohit Bains, Marija Rozevska, Thang Huu Tran, Meng-Shan Tsai, Pahulpreet, Suvinai Jiraboonsri, Ruo-Zhu Tai, Zeeshan Ali Khan, Dang Thanh Huy, Supitsara Kositbovornchai, Ching-Wen Chiu, Thi Hien Hau Nguyen, Hsueh-Yen Chen, Thanawat Khongyot, Kai-Yang Chen, Dinh Thi Kim Quyen, Jennifer Lam, Kadek Agus Surya Dila, Ngan Thanh Cu, My Tam Huynh Thi, Le Anh Dung, Kim Oanh Nguyen Thi, Hoai An Nguyen Thi, My Duc Thao Trieu, Yen Cao Thi, Thien Trang Pham, Koya Ariyoshi, Chris Smith, Nguyen Tien Huy
Published 2022-09-01
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574
Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–18: a geospatial modelling study by Joseph Jon Frostad, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Mathew M Baumann, Brigette F Blacker, Laurie B Marczak, Aniruddha Deshpande, Kirsten E Wiens, Kate E LeGrand, Kimberly B Johnson, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Victor Adekanmbi, Anurag Agrawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Saeed Amini, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ester Cerin, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Sarika Chaturvedi, Simiao Chen, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Saad M A Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sagnik Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Maha El Tantawi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ibtihal Fadhil, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K Gill, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Randah R Hamadeh, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chidozie C D Iwu, Jalil Jaafari, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ravi Prakash Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Naser Kamyari, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Gbenga A Kayode, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Faris Hasan Lami, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Paul H Lee, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Daiane Borges Machado, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mina Maheri, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Natalie Maria Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Benjamin K Mayala, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Babak Moazen, Yousef Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Sandra B Munro, Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Sanjeev Nair, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Hai Quang Pham, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Maarten J Postma, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Prateek Rastogi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Andre M N Renzaho, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Morteza Rostamian, Enrico Rubagotti, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, David C Schwebel, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Amira A Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Aziz Sheikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ranjitha S Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, K M Shivakumar, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Leo Stockfelt, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Amir Taherkhani, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Saif Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Santosh Varughese, Francesco S Violante, Bay Vo, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Sojib Bin Zaman, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, Robert C Reiner, Jr
Published 2022-10-01
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