Nicolaus Copernicus

"Toruń portrait" ({{Circa|1580}}){{efn|The oldest known portrait of Copernicus is that on the [[Strasbourg astronomical clock]], made by [[Tobias Stimmer]] c. 1571–74. According to the inscription next to that portrait, it was made from a self-portrait by Copernicus himself. This has led to speculation that the Toruń portrait, whose provenance is unknown, may be a copy based on the same self-portrait.<ref>André Goddu, ''Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition'' (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=iEjk13-1xSYC&pg=PA436 p. 436] (note 125), citing Goddu, review of Jerzy Gassowski, "''Poszukiwanie grobu Mikołaja Kopernika''{{-"}} ("Search for Grave of Nicolaus Copernicus"), in ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'', 38.2 (May 2007), p. 255.</ref>}} Nicolaus Copernicus ;}}}}}} ; ; .}} (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. In all likelihood, Copernicus developed his model independently of Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.

The publication of Copernicus's model in his book '''' (''On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres''), just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution.

Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia, a semiautonomous and multilingual region created within the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from part of the lands regained from the Teutonic Order after the Thirteen Years' War. A polyglot and polymath, he obtained a doctorate in canon law and was a mathematician, astronomer, physician, classics scholar, translator, governor, diplomat, and economist. From 1497 he was a Warmian Cathedral chapter canon. In 1517 he derived a quantity theory of money—a key concept in economics—and in 1519 he formulated an economic principle that later came to be called Gresham's law. Provided by Wikipedia
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