The RNA polymerase clamp interconverts dynamically among three states and is stabilized in a partly closed state by ppGpp por Duchi, D, Mazumder, A, Malinen, A, Ebright, R, Kapanidis, A

Pausing controls branching between productive and non-productive pathways during initial transcription in bacteria por Dulin, D, Bauer, D, Malinen, A, Bakermans, J, Kaller, M, Morichaud, Z, Petushkov, I, Depken, M, Brodolin, K, Kulbachinskiy, A, Kapanidis, A