Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America), pronounced as three separate letters ( ).The abbreviation DPhil, for "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by the University of Oxford. Additionally, it was formerly used by the University of York and University of Sussex in England.
PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist.
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Preoperative factors affecting the two-year postoperative patient-reported outcome in single-level lumbar grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis by Tsukasa Kanchiku, PhD, Toshihiko Taguchi, PhD, Miho Sekiguchi, PhD, Naofumi Toda, PhD, Noboru Hosono, PhD, Morio Matsumoto, PhD, Nobuhiro Tanaka, PhD, Koji Akeda, PhD, Hiroshi Hashizume, PhD, Masahiro Kanayama, PhD, Sumihisa Orita, PhD, Daisaku Takeuchi, PhD, Mamoru Kawakami, PhD, Mitsuru Fukui, PhD, Masahiko Kanamori, PhD, Eiji Wada, PhD, So Kato, PhD, Michio Hongo, PhD, Kei Ando, PhD, Yoichi Iizuka, PhD, Shota Ikegami, PhD, Naohiro Kawamura, PhD, Masanari Takami, PhD, Yu Yamato, PhD, Shinji Takahashi, PhD, Kei Watanabe, PhD, Jun Takahashi, PhD, Shinichi Konno, PhD, Hirotaka Chikuda, PhD
Published 2023-12-01
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Soil intake modifies the gut microbiota and alleviates Th2-type immune response in an ovalbumin-induced asthma mouse model by Mengjie Li, PhD, Na Li, PhD, Yangyang Dong, PhD, Honglin Zhang, PhD, Zhimao Bai, PhD, Rui Zhang, PhD, Zhongjie Fei, PhD, Wenyong Zhu, PhD, Pengfeng Xiao, PhD, Xiao Sun, PhD, Dongrui Zhou, PhD
Published 2024-04-01
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Nitidine Chloride Is a Potential Alternative Therapy for Glioma Through Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Alleviating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Zihang Chen PhD, Jinsen Zhang PhD, Hao Xue PhD, Mingyu Qian PhD, Xing Guo PhD, Xiao Gao PhD, Jianye Xu PhD, Yanhua Qi PhD, Xiaopeng Sun PhD, Gang Li PhD
Published 2020-03-01
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The Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid and α-Lipoic Acid as Prevention of Bortezomib-Related Neurotoxicity in Patients With Multiple Myeloma by Marta Maschio PhD, Alessia Zarabla PhD, Andrea Maialetti PhD, Francesco Marchesi PhD, Diana Giannarelli PhD, Svitlana Gumenyuk PhD, Francesco Pisani PhD, Daniela Renzi PhD, Edvina Galiè PhD, Andrea Mengarelli PhD
Published 2019-12-01
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Investigation of exacerbating factors for postpartum hair loss: a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study by Asuka Hirose, PhD, Masakazu Terauchi, PhD, Tamami Odai, PhD, Ayako Fudono, PhD, Kotoi Tsurane, PhD, Masaki Sekiguchi, PhD, Misako Iwata, PhD, Tatsuhiko Anzai, PhD, Kunihiko Takahashi, PhD, Naoyuki Miyasaka, PhD
Published 2023-06-01
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Clinical Significance of Kinetics of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Its Prognostic Value in Limited Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Tingting Liu PhD, Ting Zhou PhD, Fan Luo PhD, Yunpeng Yang PhD, Shen Zhao PhD, Yan Huang PhD, Hongyun Zhao PhD, Li Zhang PhD, Yuanyuan Zhao PhD
Published 2021-06-01
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Comparative Evaluation of 2 Different Percutaneous Techniques of Simultaneous Needle Biopsy With Microwave Ablation of Suspected Malignant Pulmonary Nodules by Miaomiao Hu PhD, Linlin Wu PhD, Xusheng Zhang PhD, Qianqian Yuan PhD, Peishun Li PhD, Sen Yang PhD, Baohu Wang PhD, Kaixian Zhang PhD
Published 2023-04-01
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Predicting Rectal Cancer Response to Total Neoadjuvant Treatment Using an Artificial Intelligence Model Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Data by Ganlu Ouyang MD, Zhebin Chen PhD, Meng Dou PhD, Xu Luo PhD, Han Wen PhD, Xiangbing Deng PhD, Wenjian Meng PhD, Yongyang Yu PhD, Bing Wu PhD, Dan Jiang PhD, Ziqiang Wang PhD, Yu Yao PhD, Xin Wang PhD
Published 2023-07-01
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Willingness to Accept Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and its Influencing Factors Using Information–Motivation–Behavior Skills Model: A Cross-Sectional Study of Female College Fre... by Mingyu Si MD, Yu Jiang PhD, Xiaoyou Su PhD, Wenjun Wang PhD, Xi Zhang PhD, Xiaofen Gu PhD, Li Ma PhD, Jing Li PhD, Shaokai Zhang PhD, Zefang Ren PhD, Yuanli Liu PhD, Youlin Qiao PhD
Published 2021-10-01
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Effect of an IMB Model-Based Education on the Acceptability of HPV Vaccination Among College Girls in Mainland China: A Cluster RCT by Mingyu Si MD, Xiaoyou Su PhD, Yu Jiang PhD, Wenjun Wang PhD, Xi Zhang PhD, Xiaofen Gu PhD, Li Ma PhD, Jing Li PhD, Shaokai Zhang PhD, Zefang Ren PhD, Yuanli Liu PhD, Youlin Qiao PhD
Published 2022-01-01
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Prenatal Maternal Depression Related to Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis in the first 5 Years of Life in Children of the EDEN Mother-Child Cohort Study by Cailiang Zhou Ph.D., Gladys Ibanez Ph.D., Vincent Miramont Ph.D., Magali Steinecker Ph.D., Nour Baiz Ph.D., Soutrik Banerjee Ph.D., Jocelyne Just Ph.D., Isabella Annesi-Maesano Ph.D., Julie Chastang Ph.D.
Published 2017-10-01
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids on Tumor Microenvironment: A Molecular Switch in Neoplasia Transformation by Hamid A. Bakshi PhD, Hakkim L. Faruck PhD, Zeinab Ravesh PhD, Prawej Ansari PhD, J. M. A. Hannan PhD, Rina Hashimoto PhD, Kazuo Takayama PhD, Rabia Farzand PhD, Mohamed M. Nasef PhD, Adelaide Mensah PhD, Alaa A. A. Aljabali PhD, Vijay Mishra PhD, Nitin B. Charbe PhD, Rohit Goyal PhD, Poonam Negi PhD, Ángel Serrano-Aroca PhD, Bojlul Bahar PhD, Mohamed El-Tanani PhD, Aaron J. Courtenay PhD, Paul McCarron PhD, Iain G. Jack PhD, Murtaza M. Tambuwala PhD
Published 2022-07-01
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WHO International Standard for evaluation of the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines: call for urgent action by the scientific community by Ivana Knezevic, PhD, Giada Mattiuzzo, PhD, Mark Page, PhD, Philip Minor, PhD, Elwyn Griffiths, PhD, Micha Nuebling, PhD, Vasee Moorthy, PhD
Published 2022-03-01
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