Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree, that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America), pronounced as three separate letters ( ).The abbreviation DPhil, for "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by the University of Oxford. Additionally, it was formerly used by the University of York and University of Sussex in the United Kingdom.
PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist.
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Preoperative factors affecting the two-year postoperative patient-reported outcome in single-level lumbar grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis by Tsukasa Kanchiku, PhD, Toshihiko Taguchi, PhD, Miho Sekiguchi, PhD, Naofumi Toda, PhD, Noboru Hosono, PhD, Morio Matsumoto, PhD, Nobuhiro Tanaka, PhD, Koji Akeda, PhD, Hiroshi Hashizume, PhD, Masahiro Kanayama, PhD, Sumihisa Orita, PhD, Daisaku Takeuchi, PhD, Mamoru Kawakami, PhD, Mitsuru Fukui, PhD, Masahiko Kanamori, PhD, Eiji Wada, PhD, So Kato, PhD, Michio Hongo, PhD, Kei Ando, PhD, Yoichi Iizuka, PhD, Shota Ikegami, PhD, Naohiro Kawamura, PhD, Masanari Takami, PhD, Yu Yamato, PhD, Shinji Takahashi, PhD, Kei Watanabe, PhD, Jun Takahashi, PhD, Shinichi Konno, PhD, Hirotaka Chikuda, PhD
Published 2023-12-01
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Soil intake modifies the gut microbiota and alleviates Th2-type immune response in an ovalbumin-induced asthma mouse model by Mengjie Li, PhD, Na Li, PhD, Yangyang Dong, PhD, Honglin Zhang, PhD, Zhimao Bai, PhD, Rui Zhang, PhD, Zhongjie Fei, PhD, Wenyong Zhu, PhD, Pengfeng Xiao, PhD, Xiao Sun, PhD, Dongrui Zhou, PhD
Published 2024-04-01
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Investigation of exacerbating factors for postpartum hair loss: a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study by Asuka Hirose, PhD, Masakazu Terauchi, PhD, Tamami Odai, PhD, Ayako Fudono, PhD, Kotoi Tsurane, PhD, Masaki Sekiguchi, PhD, Misako Iwata, PhD, Tatsuhiko Anzai, PhD, Kunihiko Takahashi, PhD, Naoyuki Miyasaka, PhD
Published 2023-06-01
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Comparative Evaluation of 2 Different Percutaneous Techniques of Simultaneous Needle Biopsy With Microwave Ablation of Suspected Malignant Pulmonary Nodules by Miaomiao Hu PhD, Linlin Wu PhD, Xusheng Zhang PhD, Qianqian Yuan PhD, Peishun Li PhD, Sen Yang PhD, Baohu Wang PhD, Kaixian Zhang PhD
Published 2023-04-01
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Predicting Rectal Cancer Response to Total Neoadjuvant Treatment Using an Artificial Intelligence Model Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Data by Ganlu Ouyang MD, Zhebin Chen PhD, Meng Dou PhD, Xu Luo PhD, Han Wen PhD, Xiangbing Deng PhD, Wenjian Meng PhD, Yongyang Yu PhD, Bing Wu PhD, Dan Jiang PhD, Ziqiang Wang PhD, Yu Yao PhD, Xin Wang PhD
Published 2023-07-01
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Percutaneous Curved Vertebroplasty and Bilateral-Pedicle-Approach Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in the Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: A Meta-Analysis by Yanxing He Ph.D, Zhentang Yu Ph.D, Jianjian Yin Ph.D, Hao Wang Ph.D, Nanwei Xu Ph.D, Luming Nong Ph.D, Yuqing Jiang Ph.D
Published 2023-06-01
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Long-lasting patent fistula after EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy in a patient with refractory benign biliary stricture by Tomohisa Iwai, PhD, Mitsuhiro Kida, PhD, Hiroshi Yamauchi, PhD, Toru Kaneko, PhD, Kosuke Okuwaki, PhD, Hiroshi Imaizumi, PhD, Wasaburo Koizumi, PhD
Published 2018-06-01
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RETRACTED: Efficacy and Safety of Cetuximab Plus Cisplatin Alone or in Combination With Paclitaxel in Patients With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Randomized Trial by Yanqing Zheng PhD, Huiqin Dou PhD, Qingchen Li PhD, Ying Sun PhD, Yanchao Wang PhD, Wendong Zhang PhD
Published 2021-05-01
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Necrotizing fasciitis of the thigh due to a secondary aortoduodenal fistula by Fahd Khefacha, PhD, Aouini Fatma, PhD, Amel Changal, PhD, Raja Taieb, PhD, Chaima Chihaoui, PhD, Haifa Jenni, PhD, Achraf Saaidi, PhD, Mohamed Bechir Khalifa, PhD, Nabil Ben Romdhane, PhD
Published 2023-01-01
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The Effect of Intervention Approaches of Emotion Regulation and Learning Strategies on Students’ Learning and Mental Health by Elodie Charbonnier PhD, Sarah Le Vigouroux PhD, Cécile Puechlong PhD, Lucile Montalescot PhD, Aurélie Goncalves PhD, Louise Baussard PhD, Beatrice Gisclard PhD, Antony G. Philippe PhD, Florence Lespiau PhD
Published 2023-03-01
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Social capital and cognitive decline in the aftermath of a natural disaster: a natural experiment from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami by Dr Hiroyuki Hikichi, PhD, Toru Tsuboya, PhD, Jun Aida, PhD, Yusuke Matsuyama, PhD, Katsunori Kondo, PhD, S V Subramanian, PhD, Ichiro Kawachi, PhD
Published 2017-06-01
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Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exercise on Anxiety Among Male Nursing Students Undergoing Maternity Clinical Training by Dalia Toqan PhD, Malakeh Z. Malak PhD, Ahmad Ayed PhD, Imad Fashafsheh PhD, Basma Salameh PhD, Adnan Lutfi Sarhan PhD, Saed Azizeh PhD, Ahmad Batran PhD
Published 2022-11-01
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