Hongwu Emperor
| j = Hung4-mou5 dai3 | y = Hùhng-móuh dai | tl = Âng-bú tē }} The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328– 24 June 1398),) regnal period of the Yuan dynasty. When calculated using the Proleptic Gregorian calendar, the date is 29 October.}} also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Ming (), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (|w=Chu Yüan-chang}}), courtesy name Guorui (), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1368 to 1398.Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a family of impoverished peasants. As famine, plague, and peasant revolt surged across China proper during the 14th century, Zhu rose to command the Red Turban Rebellion that conquered China proper, ending the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and forcing the remnant Yuan court (known as Northern Yuan in historiography) to retreat to the Mongolian Plateau. He claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368 and occupied the Yuan capital of Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), with his army that same year. Trusting only his family, he made his many sons feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. Having outlived his eldest son Zhu Biao, the Hongwu Emperor enthroned his grandson as the Jianwen Emperor via a series of instructions. This ended in failure when the Jianwen Emperor's attempts to unseat his uncles led to the Jingnan Rebellion.
The era of Hongwu was noted for its tolerance of minorities and religions; the Chinese historian Ma Zhou indicates that the Hongwu Emperor ordered the renovation and construction of many mosques in Xi’an and Nanjing. Wang Daiyu also recorded that the emperor wrote the Hundred-word Eulogy praising Islam.
The reign of the Hongwu Emperor is notable for his unprecedented political reforms. The emperor abolished the position of chancellor, drastically reduced the role of court eunuchs, and adopted draconian measures to address corruption. He also established the Embroidered Uniform Guard, one of the best known secret police organizations in imperial China. In the 1380s and 1390s, a series of purges were launched to eliminate his high-ranked officials and generals; tens of thousands were executed. The reign of Hongwu also witnessed much cruelty. Various cruel methods of execution were introduced for punishable crimes and for those who directly criticized the emperor, and massacres were also carried out against everyone who resisted his rule.
The emperor encouraged agriculture, reduced taxes, incentivized the cultivation of new land, and established laws protecting peasants' property. He also confiscated land held by large estates and forbade private slavery. At the same time, he banned free movement in the empire and assigned hereditary occupational categories to households. Through these measures, the Hongwu Emperor attempted to rebuild a country that had been ravaged by war, limit and control its social groups, and instill orthodox values in his subjects, eventually creating a strictly regimented society of self-sufficient farming communities. Provided by Wikipedia
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Digital identity, privacy security, and their legal safeguards in the Metaverse by Wu Hong, Zhang Wenxiang
Published 2023-01-01
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Software Radar Technology by Tang Jun, Wu Hong, Wei Kun-peng
Published 2015-08-01
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Robot Path Planning Based on Improved Potential Field Method by WANG Bing, WU Hong-liang, NIU Xin-zheng
Published 2022-07-01
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Diagnostic value of aquaporin 1 and 5 antibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome by WANG Xiaoyu, WU Hong, WANG Yong, ZHANG Ligai
Published 2023-04-01
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Development of core competency index system for stomatological nurse specialist (口腔专科护士核心能力框架的构建) by WU Hong (吴宏), FENG Zhien (冯芝恩)
Published 2022-11-01
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Design of Man-machine Interaction System Based on Voice Processing Technology by YANG Shuai, XUE Lan, WU Hong-bing, CHEN Jun-sheng
Published 2010-04-01
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NONLINEAR FREQUENCY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF CRACKED ROTOR BASED ON NOFRF by WU HongXia, HAN Jie, CHEN Hong, QIN DongChen
Published 2017-01-01
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Application of seismic detection by spark source for concealed faults in Shanghai urban water network area by SONG Chunhua, SHI Gang, WU Hong, ZHANG Hao, YU Fei
Published 2021-12-01
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SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF AIRFOIL HONEYCOMBS STRUCTURE by ZHANG MingMing, WU HongWei, WANG Shuai, MA BinJie
Published 2017-01-01
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Effect of copper fiber on performance of automotive friction materials by YANG Yang, WU Hong, LIU Bo-wei, QU Hui, LIU Yong
Published 2021-10-01
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Rule Learning over Knowledge Graphs: A Review by Wu, Hong, Wang, Zhe, Wang, Kewen, Omran, Pouya Ghiasnezhad, Li, Jiangmeng
Published 2023-12-01
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Research progress in hyperbolic metamaterials and sensors by WU Hong-ya, YANG Yun, ZHANG Guang-lei, BAI Yang, ZHOU Ji
Published 2020-06-01
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Survey of Concept Drift Handling Methods in Data Streams by CHEN Zhi-qiang, HAN Meng, LI Mu-hang, WU Hong-xin, ZHANG Xi-long
Published 2022-09-01
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