The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties

In this study, an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines called tri-fuel emulsion was prepared using an ultrasonic emulsifier. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of emulsifying settings and formulation ratio on the physicochemical properties of tri-fuel emulsions...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: M. Mukhtar, N. A., Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz, Hagos, F. Y., M. M., Noor, K., Kadirgama, R., Mamat, Abdul Adam, Abdullah
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/1/The%20influence%20of%20formulation%20ratio%20and%20emulsifying%20settings%20.pdf
_version_ 1825812816901177344
author M. Mukhtar, N. A.
Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz
Hagos, F. Y.
M. M., Noor
K., Kadirgama
R., Mamat
Abdul Adam, Abdullah
author_facet M. Mukhtar, N. A.
Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz
Hagos, F. Y.
M. M., Noor
K., Kadirgama
R., Mamat
Abdul Adam, Abdullah
author_sort M. Mukhtar, N. A.
collection UMP
description In this study, an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines called tri-fuel emulsion was prepared using an ultrasonic emulsifier. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of emulsifying settings and formulation ratio on the physicochemical properties of tri-fuel emulsions. Design of experiment (DOE) with the two-level factorial design was employed to analyze the effect of emulsifying settings such as time, amplitude, and cycle along with the variation ratio of tri-fuel emulsion components as control factors. Numbers of responses identified were important parameters that may contribute to microexplosion phenomenon in CI engine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out for each response, and the results indicated that density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, and average droplet size were influenced by specific preparation control factors. Furthermore, interaction among the control factors was found to affect the responses as well. Interaction means the effect of two factors together is different than what would be expected from each factor separately. Besides, the stability of the tri-fuel emulsion was observed for three months. Furthermore, a qualitative approach with a multiobjective lens digital microscope revealed the geometry of freshly made dispersed tri-fuel emulsion droplets. Microscopic examination on tri-fuel emulsion droplets has shown that the dispersed ethanol capsulated within diesel with the help of biodiesel is similar to a water in diesel emulsion and is dissimilar to commercial diesel mixed with fatty acid methyl esters found in the market.
first_indexed 2024-03-06T12:34:45Z
format Article
id UMPir25566
institution Universiti Malaysia Pahang
language English
last_indexed 2024-03-06T12:34:45Z
publishDate 2019
publisher MDPI AG
record_format dspace
spelling UMPir255662019-11-19T09:00:27Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/ The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties M. Mukhtar, N. A. Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz Hagos, F. Y. M. M., Noor K., Kadirgama R., Mamat Abdul Adam, Abdullah TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TS Manufactures In this study, an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines called tri-fuel emulsion was prepared using an ultrasonic emulsifier. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of emulsifying settings and formulation ratio on the physicochemical properties of tri-fuel emulsions. Design of experiment (DOE) with the two-level factorial design was employed to analyze the effect of emulsifying settings such as time, amplitude, and cycle along with the variation ratio of tri-fuel emulsion components as control factors. Numbers of responses identified were important parameters that may contribute to microexplosion phenomenon in CI engine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out for each response, and the results indicated that density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, and average droplet size were influenced by specific preparation control factors. Furthermore, interaction among the control factors was found to affect the responses as well. Interaction means the effect of two factors together is different than what would be expected from each factor separately. Besides, the stability of the tri-fuel emulsion was observed for three months. Furthermore, a qualitative approach with a multiobjective lens digital microscope revealed the geometry of freshly made dispersed tri-fuel emulsion droplets. Microscopic examination on tri-fuel emulsion droplets has shown that the dispersed ethanol capsulated within diesel with the help of biodiesel is similar to a water in diesel emulsion and is dissimilar to commercial diesel mixed with fatty acid methyl esters found in the market. MDPI AG 2019-05-06 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/1/The%20influence%20of%20formulation%20ratio%20and%20emulsifying%20settings%20.pdf M. Mukhtar, N. A. and Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz and Hagos, F. Y. and M. M., Noor and K., Kadirgama and R., Mamat and Abdul Adam, Abdullah (2019) The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties. Energies, 12 (9). pp. 1-24. ISSN 1996-1073. (Published) https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091708 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091708
spellingShingle TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
TS Manufactures
M. Mukhtar, N. A.
Abd Rashid, Abd Aziz
Hagos, F. Y.
M. M., Noor
K., Kadirgama
R., Mamat
Abdul Adam, Abdullah
The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_full The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_fullStr The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_full_unstemmed The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_short The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (diesel–ethanol–biodiesel) emulsion properties
title_sort influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri fuel diesel ethanol biodiesel emulsion properties
topic TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
TS Manufactures
url http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/25566/1/The%20influence%20of%20formulation%20ratio%20and%20emulsifying%20settings%20.pdf
work_keys_str_mv AT mmukhtarna theinfluenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT abdrashidabdaziz theinfluenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT hagosfy theinfluenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT mmnoor theinfluenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT kkadirgama theinfluenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT rmamat theinfluenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT abduladamabdullah theinfluenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT mmukhtarna influenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT abdrashidabdaziz influenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT hagosfy influenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT mmnoor influenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT kkadirgama influenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT rmamat influenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties
AT abduladamabdullah influenceofformulationratioandemulsifyingsettingsontrifueldieselethanolbiodieselemulsionproperties