Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome
Cerebrovascular events, notably acute ischemic strokes (AIS), have been reported in the setting of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Commonly regarded as cryptogenic, to date, the etiology is thought to be multifactorial and remains obscure; it is linked either to a direct viral invasi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/35138/1/Neuroinflammation%20and%20COVID-19%20ischemic%20stroke%20recovery_evolving%20evidence%20for%20the%20mediating%20roles%20of%20the%20ace2_angiotensin-%281%E2%80%937%29.pdf |
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| author | Che Mohd Nasril, Che Mohd Nassir Mohd Khairul Izamil, Zolkefley Muhammad Danial, Ramli Haziq Hazman, Norman Hafizah, Abdul Hamid Muzaimi, Mustapha |
| author_facet | Che Mohd Nasril, Che Mohd Nassir Mohd Khairul Izamil, Zolkefley Muhammad Danial, Ramli Haziq Hazman, Norman Hafizah, Abdul Hamid Muzaimi, Mustapha |
| author_sort | Che Mohd Nasril, Che Mohd Nassir |
| collection | UMP |
| description | Cerebrovascular events, notably acute ischemic strokes (AIS), have been reported in the setting of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Commonly regarded as cryptogenic, to date, the etiology is thought to be multifactorial and remains obscure; it is linked either to a direct viral invasion or to an indirect virus-induced prothrombotic state, with or without the presence of conventional cerebrovascular risk factors. In addition, patients are at a greater risk of developing long-term negative sequelae, i.e., long-COVID-related neurological problems, when compared to non-COVID-19 stroke patients. Central to the underlying neurobiology of stroke recovery in the context of COVID-19 infection is reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, which is known to lead to thrombo-inflammation and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR) axis inhibition. Moreover, after AIS, the activated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may heighten the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating neuro-glial cell dysfunction, ultimately leading to nerve-cell death. Therefore, potential neuroprotective therapies targeting the molecular mechanisms of the aforementioned mediators may help to inform rehabilitation strategies to improve brain reorganization (i.e., neuro-gliogenesis and synaptogenesis) and secondary prevention among AIS patients with or without COVID-19. Therefore, this narrative review aims to evaluate the mediating role of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis and NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19-mediated AIS, as well as the prospects of these neuroinflammation mediators for brain repair and in secondary prevention strategies against AIS in stroke rehabilitation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T13:00:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | UMPir35138 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T13:00:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | UMPir351382022-11-03T04:03:56Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/35138/ Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome Che Mohd Nasril, Che Mohd Nassir Mohd Khairul Izamil, Zolkefley Muhammad Danial, Ramli Haziq Hazman, Norman Hafizah, Abdul Hamid Muzaimi, Mustapha HD Industries. Land use. Labor Q Science (General) T Technology (General) Cerebrovascular events, notably acute ischemic strokes (AIS), have been reported in the setting of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Commonly regarded as cryptogenic, to date, the etiology is thought to be multifactorial and remains obscure; it is linked either to a direct viral invasion or to an indirect virus-induced prothrombotic state, with or without the presence of conventional cerebrovascular risk factors. In addition, patients are at a greater risk of developing long-term negative sequelae, i.e., long-COVID-related neurological problems, when compared to non-COVID-19 stroke patients. Central to the underlying neurobiology of stroke recovery in the context of COVID-19 infection is reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, which is known to lead to thrombo-inflammation and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR) axis inhibition. Moreover, after AIS, the activated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may heighten the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating neuro-glial cell dysfunction, ultimately leading to nerve-cell death. Therefore, potential neuroprotective therapies targeting the molecular mechanisms of the aforementioned mediators may help to inform rehabilitation strategies to improve brain reorganization (i.e., neuro-gliogenesis and synaptogenesis) and secondary prevention among AIS patients with or without COVID-19. Therefore, this narrative review aims to evaluate the mediating role of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis and NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19-mediated AIS, as well as the prospects of these neuroinflammation mediators for brain repair and in secondary prevention strategies against AIS in stroke rehabilitation. MDPI 2022-03 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/35138/1/Neuroinflammation%20and%20COVID-19%20ischemic%20stroke%20recovery_evolving%20evidence%20for%20the%20mediating%20roles%20of%20the%20ace2_angiotensin-%281%E2%80%937%29.pdf Che Mohd Nasril, Che Mohd Nassir and Mohd Khairul Izamil, Zolkefley and Muhammad Danial, Ramli and Haziq Hazman, Norman and Hafizah, Abdul Hamid and Muzaimi, Mustapha (2022) Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (6). pp. 1-23. ISSN 1661-6596. (Published) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063085 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063085 |
| spellingShingle | HD Industries. Land use. Labor Q Science (General) T Technology (General) Che Mohd Nasril, Che Mohd Nassir Mohd Khairul Izamil, Zolkefley Muhammad Danial, Ramli Haziq Hazman, Norman Hafizah, Abdul Hamid Muzaimi, Mustapha Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome |
| title | Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome |
| title_full | Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome |
| title_fullStr | Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome |
| title_short | Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 ischemic stroke recovery—Evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mas receptor axis and NLRP3 inflammasome |
| title_sort | neuroinflammation and covid 19 ischemic stroke recovery evolving evidence for the mediating roles of the ace2 angiotensin 1 7 mas receptor axis and nlrp3 inflammasome |
| topic | HD Industries. Land use. Labor Q Science (General) T Technology (General) |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/35138/1/Neuroinflammation%20and%20COVID-19%20ischemic%20stroke%20recovery_evolving%20evidence%20for%20the%20mediating%20roles%20of%20the%20ace2_angiotensin-%281%E2%80%937%29.pdf |
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