A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids
Boiler ash (BA) from oil palm empty fruit bunches used as pseudo-homogeneous base catalyst to transesterify palm olein at mild reaction conditions (3 wt.% BA dried at 105 C, 2 h; 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio at methanol refluxing temperature in 0.5 h) yielded 90% methyl esters. However, the cata...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2012
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/4090/1/fist-2012-gaanty-new_catalyst_system_abs_only.pdf |
| _version_ | 1825821466911834112 |
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| author | Gaanty Pragas, Maniam Shangeetha, Ganesan Boey, Peng Lim Melati, Khairuddean Sau-Lai, Lim |
| author_facet | Gaanty Pragas, Maniam Shangeetha, Ganesan Boey, Peng Lim Melati, Khairuddean Sau-Lai, Lim |
| author_sort | Gaanty Pragas, Maniam |
| collection | UMP |
| description | Boiler ash (BA) from oil palm empty fruit bunches used as pseudo-homogeneous base catalyst to transesterify palm olein at mild reaction conditions (3 wt.% BA dried at 105 C, 2 h; 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio at methanol refluxing temperature in 0.5 h) yielded 90% methyl esters. However, the catalyst showed low water (0 wt.%) and FFA (1 wt.%) tolerance. Laboratory calcium oxide (Lab CaO, calcined at 900 C, 2 h) was used as a drying agent and to enhance the FFA tolerance of BA. Transesterification with
Lab CaO (5 wt.% Lab-CaO; 13:1 methanol to oil molar ratio) exhibited good tolerance towards 3 wt.% water and 4 wt.% FFA but only 67% methyl esters were produced in 0.5 h. A mixture of BA-Lab CaO (stoichiometric ratio for Ca(OH)2 formation) catalyzed transesterification yielded 95% methyl esters in 0.5 h and with higher water (3 wt.%) and FFA (4 wt.%) tolerance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T11:41:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | UMPir4090 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T11:41:58Z |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | UMPir40902017-09-15T02:32:23Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/4090/ A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids Gaanty Pragas, Maniam Shangeetha, Ganesan Boey, Peng Lim Melati, Khairuddean Sau-Lai, Lim Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology Boiler ash (BA) from oil palm empty fruit bunches used as pseudo-homogeneous base catalyst to transesterify palm olein at mild reaction conditions (3 wt.% BA dried at 105 C, 2 h; 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio at methanol refluxing temperature in 0.5 h) yielded 90% methyl esters. However, the catalyst showed low water (0 wt.%) and FFA (1 wt.%) tolerance. Laboratory calcium oxide (Lab CaO, calcined at 900 C, 2 h) was used as a drying agent and to enhance the FFA tolerance of BA. Transesterification with Lab CaO (5 wt.% Lab-CaO; 13:1 methanol to oil molar ratio) exhibited good tolerance towards 3 wt.% water and 4 wt.% FFA but only 67% methyl esters were produced in 0.5 h. A mixture of BA-Lab CaO (stoichiometric ratio for Ca(OH)2 formation) catalyzed transesterification yielded 95% methyl esters in 0.5 h and with higher water (3 wt.%) and FFA (4 wt.%) tolerance. Elsevier 2012-04 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/4090/1/fist-2012-gaanty-new_catalyst_system_abs_only.pdf Gaanty Pragas, Maniam and Shangeetha, Ganesan and Boey, Peng Lim and Melati, Khairuddean and Sau-Lai, Lim (2012) A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids. Energy Conversion and Management, 56 . pp. 46-52. ISSN 0196-8904. (Published) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.11.015 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.11.015 |
| spellingShingle | Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology Gaanty Pragas, Maniam Shangeetha, Ganesan Boey, Peng Lim Melati, Khairuddean Sau-Lai, Lim A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids |
| title | A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids |
| title_full | A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids |
| title_fullStr | A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids |
| title_full_unstemmed | A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids |
| title_short | A New Catalyst System in Transesterification of Palm Olein: Tolerance of Water and Free Fatty Acids |
| title_sort | new catalyst system in transesterification of palm olein tolerance of water and free fatty acids |
| topic | Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/4090/1/fist-2012-gaanty-new_catalyst_system_abs_only.pdf |
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