Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study
Abstract Background An increasing prevalence of mental disorders (MDs) has been reported among children and adolescents. However, only few studies have conducted ocular examinations, including those on refractive status, in these groups of patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Ophthalmology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02704-4 |
| _version_ | 1797958685800005632 |
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| author | Liping Chen Ling Sun Caihong Xue Shumao Li Junjun Wang Xia Shen Shiyu Gao Zixuan Zhou Yuehe Xu Shaocun Huang Zhulin Li Xiaoyan Yang Yatu Guo Wei Zhang |
| author_facet | Liping Chen Ling Sun Caihong Xue Shumao Li Junjun Wang Xia Shen Shiyu Gao Zixuan Zhou Yuehe Xu Shaocun Huang Zhulin Li Xiaoyan Yang Yatu Guo Wei Zhang |
| author_sort | Liping Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background An increasing prevalence of mental disorders (MDs) has been reported among children and adolescents. However, only few studies have conducted ocular examinations, including those on refractive status, in these groups of patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the refractive status and ocular findings in children and adolescents with MDs compared with matched controls with similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods A total of 178 participants with MDs and 200 controls were recruited between April 2021 and May 2022. All the children and adolescents underwent cycloplegic or noncycloplegic autorefraction and retinoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and dilated fundus examinations. Ocular alignment was assessed using Hirschberg, Krimsky, or prism cover tests. The prevalence of refractive errors and ocular findings was the main outcome. Results Twenty-seven percent of patients with MDs and 8% of controls had ocular findings, the most common of which were conjunctivitis, keratitis, and trichiasis. For refractive status, 70% (124/178) of patients with MDs had myopia ≤-1.00 DS, and 2% (4/178) had hyperopia ≥+2.00 DS. In the control group, 70% (140/200) of patients had myopia ≤-1.00 DS, and 1% (2/200) had hyperopia ≥+2.00 DS. No differences were observed between the MD and control groups. However, the patients in the MD group (14.25±2.69 years) were significantly more susceptible to strabismus (P<0.05) and amblyopia (P<0.01) than those in the control group (13.65±3.04 years). There was a substantial difference between the two groups in the time spent on screen-based devices (P<0.001). Furthermore, mental retardation (OR=3.286, P<0.01), emotional disorders (OR=2.003, P<0.01), and adjustment disorders (OR=2.629, P<0.01) were associated with an increased risk of amblyopia. Depression (OR =1.362, P<0.01) and emotional disorders (OR=2.205, P<0.01) were associated with a higher prevalence of strabismus. Conclusion Ophthalmological examinations should be performed in children and adolescents with MDs because MDs are associated with a high prevalence of refractive errors and ocular diseases. Detection and intervention of ocular and refractive findings in children and adolescents with MDs are necessary and effective in alleviating the economic burden in healthcare and improving individuals' quality of life |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:23:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0000ecc9ddaa4669a583f1ae23fb4a9e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2415 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:23:35Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| series | BMC Ophthalmology |
| spelling | doaj.art-0000ecc9ddaa4669a583f1ae23fb4a9e2023-01-08T12:07:33ZengBMCBMC Ophthalmology1471-24152023-01-012311710.1186/s12886-022-02704-4Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective studyLiping Chen0Ling Sun1Caihong Xue2Shumao Li3Junjun Wang4Xia Shen5Shiyu Gao6Zixuan Zhou7Yuehe Xu8Shaocun Huang9Zhulin Li10Xiaoyan Yang11Yatu Guo12Wei Zhang13Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin Eye HospitalClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityClinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical UniversityAbstract Background An increasing prevalence of mental disorders (MDs) has been reported among children and adolescents. However, only few studies have conducted ocular examinations, including those on refractive status, in these groups of patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the refractive status and ocular findings in children and adolescents with MDs compared with matched controls with similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods A total of 178 participants with MDs and 200 controls were recruited between April 2021 and May 2022. All the children and adolescents underwent cycloplegic or noncycloplegic autorefraction and retinoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and dilated fundus examinations. Ocular alignment was assessed using Hirschberg, Krimsky, or prism cover tests. The prevalence of refractive errors and ocular findings was the main outcome. Results Twenty-seven percent of patients with MDs and 8% of controls had ocular findings, the most common of which were conjunctivitis, keratitis, and trichiasis. For refractive status, 70% (124/178) of patients with MDs had myopia ≤-1.00 DS, and 2% (4/178) had hyperopia ≥+2.00 DS. In the control group, 70% (140/200) of patients had myopia ≤-1.00 DS, and 1% (2/200) had hyperopia ≥+2.00 DS. No differences were observed between the MD and control groups. However, the patients in the MD group (14.25±2.69 years) were significantly more susceptible to strabismus (P<0.05) and amblyopia (P<0.01) than those in the control group (13.65±3.04 years). There was a substantial difference between the two groups in the time spent on screen-based devices (P<0.001). Furthermore, mental retardation (OR=3.286, P<0.01), emotional disorders (OR=2.003, P<0.01), and adjustment disorders (OR=2.629, P<0.01) were associated with an increased risk of amblyopia. Depression (OR =1.362, P<0.01) and emotional disorders (OR=2.205, P<0.01) were associated with a higher prevalence of strabismus. Conclusion Ophthalmological examinations should be performed in children and adolescents with MDs because MDs are associated with a high prevalence of refractive errors and ocular diseases. Detection and intervention of ocular and refractive findings in children and adolescents with MDs are necessary and effective in alleviating the economic burden in healthcare and improving individuals' quality of lifehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02704-4Mental disordersRefractive errorsStrabismusAmblyopiaChildren and adolesents |
| spellingShingle | Liping Chen Ling Sun Caihong Xue Shumao Li Junjun Wang Xia Shen Shiyu Gao Zixuan Zhou Yuehe Xu Shaocun Huang Zhulin Li Xiaoyan Yang Yatu Guo Wei Zhang Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study BMC Ophthalmology Mental disorders Refractive errors Strabismus Amblyopia Children and adolesents |
| title | Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study |
| title_full | Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study |
| title_fullStr | Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study |
| title_short | Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study |
| title_sort | refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders a retrospective study |
| topic | Mental disorders Refractive errors Strabismus Amblyopia Children and adolesents |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02704-4 |
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