Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River
Chishui River is an important ecological security barrier area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct research on soil and water ecological risks in the Chishui River basin. In this paper, the risk of heavy metals pollution and its contr...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/11/2069 |
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| author | Ziwan Chen Jing Xu Fan Yang Zhaolei Hou Kun Ren Linsong Yu Shuyun Yang Zhong Li Xiaobing Zhang |
| author_facet | Ziwan Chen Jing Xu Fan Yang Zhaolei Hou Kun Ren Linsong Yu Shuyun Yang Zhong Li Xiaobing Zhang |
| author_sort | Ziwan Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chishui River is an important ecological security barrier area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct research on soil and water ecological risks in the Chishui River basin. In this paper, the risk of heavy metals pollution and its control factors was evaluated systematically by using surface water and soil samples from 16 tributaries in the Yunnan section of the Chishui River basin. The method of soil environmental capacity and ecological risk index were studied. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals in the surface water of the main stream was in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg. Except for Hg, all the concentrations of heavy metals were far lower than the Class I water limits in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PRC. The average concentration of Hg concentration was 0.056 μg·L<sup>−1</sup>, which was slightly higher than the limit value of Class II. Heavy metals in the surface water were distributed in a point-like manner in the main stream of the Chishui River, which was mainly affected by mining drainage, township sewage, and human production activities. Meanwhile, the environmental capacity study showed that the heavy metals in soil were in the order of Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > As > Hg > Cu > Cd, and the environmental capacity were significant differences among different soils: purple soil > limestone soil > loess > yellow-brown soil. Soil Cd tended to migrate out of the soil under the control of the occurrence form, vegetation coverage, and human production activities, while Cr, Cu, and Ni tended to accumulate in the soil. The average comprehensive ecological risk index (<i>RI</i>) of heavy metals in all tributaries ranged from 44.86 to 154.15, mainly distributed in medium and low ecological risk. Therefore, it is recommended to dynamically monitor and control these pollution points in the Chishui River basin to prevent the risk of heavy metals from escalating. |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-002db5f852c54f03a75c617b2539220a2023-11-18T08:47:10ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-05-011511206910.3390/w15112069Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze RiverZiwan Chen0Jing Xu1Fan Yang2Zhaolei Hou3Kun Ren4Linsong Yu5Shuyun Yang6Zhong Li7Xiaobing Zhang8Department of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey (Yunnan Academy of Geological Sciences), Kunming 650216, ChinaDepartment of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey (Yunnan Academy of Geological Sciences), Kunming 650216, ChinaInstitute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, ChinaDepartment of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey (Yunnan Academy of Geological Sciences), Kunming 650216, ChinaInstitute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, ChinaCollege of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, ChinaDepartment of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey (Yunnan Academy of Geological Sciences), Kunming 650216, ChinaDepartment of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey (Yunnan Academy of Geological Sciences), Kunming 650216, ChinaDepartment of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey (Yunnan Academy of Geological Sciences), Kunming 650216, ChinaChishui River is an important ecological security barrier area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct research on soil and water ecological risks in the Chishui River basin. In this paper, the risk of heavy metals pollution and its control factors was evaluated systematically by using surface water and soil samples from 16 tributaries in the Yunnan section of the Chishui River basin. The method of soil environmental capacity and ecological risk index were studied. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals in the surface water of the main stream was in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg. Except for Hg, all the concentrations of heavy metals were far lower than the Class I water limits in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PRC. The average concentration of Hg concentration was 0.056 μg·L<sup>−1</sup>, which was slightly higher than the limit value of Class II. Heavy metals in the surface water were distributed in a point-like manner in the main stream of the Chishui River, which was mainly affected by mining drainage, township sewage, and human production activities. Meanwhile, the environmental capacity study showed that the heavy metals in soil were in the order of Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > As > Hg > Cu > Cd, and the environmental capacity were significant differences among different soils: purple soil > limestone soil > loess > yellow-brown soil. Soil Cd tended to migrate out of the soil under the control of the occurrence form, vegetation coverage, and human production activities, while Cr, Cu, and Ni tended to accumulate in the soil. The average comprehensive ecological risk index (<i>RI</i>) of heavy metals in all tributaries ranged from 44.86 to 154.15, mainly distributed in medium and low ecological risk. Therefore, it is recommended to dynamically monitor and control these pollution points in the Chishui River basin to prevent the risk of heavy metals from escalating.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/11/2069heavy metalssoil environmental capacityspatiotemporal variationwater qualitysource analysisrisk management |
| spellingShingle | Ziwan Chen Jing Xu Fan Yang Zhaolei Hou Kun Ren Linsong Yu Shuyun Yang Zhong Li Xiaobing Zhang Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Water heavy metals soil environmental capacity spatiotemporal variation water quality source analysis risk management |
| title | Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River |
| title_full | Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River |
| title_short | Comprehensive Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Surface Water of Chishui River Basin in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River |
| title_sort | comprehensive monitoring and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and surface water of chishui river basin in upper reaches of the yangtze river |
| topic | heavy metals soil environmental capacity spatiotemporal variation water quality source analysis risk management |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/11/2069 |
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