Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation Intensity
The objective of the study was to develop a precise method of determination of the evaporation rate in a soil irrigated with the use of a mobile injection irrigation system. Two methods of constructing functions approximating the value of evaporation have been developed. In the first method, the dom...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-03-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2309 |
| _version_ | 1827696677813747712 |
|---|---|
| author | Amadeusz Walczak Mateusz Lipiński Grzegorz Janik |
| author_facet | Amadeusz Walczak Mateusz Lipiński Grzegorz Janik |
| author_sort | Amadeusz Walczak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of the study was to develop a precise method of determination of the evaporation rate in a soil irrigated with the use of a mobile injection irrigation system. Two methods of constructing functions approximating the value of evaporation have been developed. In the first method, the domain comprises the parameters of injection irrigation, i.e., the dose and the depth of injection, and in the second, the volumetric moisture of soil in the layer immediately below the soil surface, which was measured with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. For that purpose, a laboratory experiment was carried out, based on 12 physical models. The study was conducted on a natural soil material, with particle size distribution of its mineral parts corresponding to that of a loamy sand soil. It was demonstrated that evaporation intensity increases with irrigation and decreases with increase in the depth of water application. Using TDR sensors, it was also shown that evaporation intensity increases proportionally to the weighted arithmetic mean of the volumetric moisture. Comparison of the two methods indicates that the evaporation intensity of injection-irrigated soil can be estimated with higher accuracy when the domain of the approximating function is the injection depth and dose than when the domain of the function is the weighted mean of volumetric moisture of the surface horizon of the soil. However, the method using TDR sensors for the estimation of evaporation intensity of an injection-irrigated soil has a greater potential for the construction of universal approximating models. In addition, the advantage of the method based on the use of TDR sensors is that it uses arguments for the approximating function, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>θ</mi><mo>˜</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, in real time. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:53:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-003231d4bafa43f9a9d6b535cf405927 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:53:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-003231d4bafa43f9a9d6b535cf4059272023-11-21T12:04:38ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-03-01217230910.3390/s21072309Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation IntensityAmadeusz Walczak0Mateusz Lipiński1Grzegorz Janik2Institute of Environmental Protection and Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, PolandInstitute of Environmental Protection and Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, PolandInstitute of Environmental Protection and Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, PolandThe objective of the study was to develop a precise method of determination of the evaporation rate in a soil irrigated with the use of a mobile injection irrigation system. Two methods of constructing functions approximating the value of evaporation have been developed. In the first method, the domain comprises the parameters of injection irrigation, i.e., the dose and the depth of injection, and in the second, the volumetric moisture of soil in the layer immediately below the soil surface, which was measured with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. For that purpose, a laboratory experiment was carried out, based on 12 physical models. The study was conducted on a natural soil material, with particle size distribution of its mineral parts corresponding to that of a loamy sand soil. It was demonstrated that evaporation intensity increases with irrigation and decreases with increase in the depth of water application. Using TDR sensors, it was also shown that evaporation intensity increases proportionally to the weighted arithmetic mean of the volumetric moisture. Comparison of the two methods indicates that the evaporation intensity of injection-irrigated soil can be estimated with higher accuracy when the domain of the approximating function is the injection depth and dose than when the domain of the function is the weighted mean of volumetric moisture of the surface horizon of the soil. However, the method using TDR sensors for the estimation of evaporation intensity of an injection-irrigated soil has a greater potential for the construction of universal approximating models. In addition, the advantage of the method based on the use of TDR sensors is that it uses arguments for the approximating function, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>θ</mi><mo>˜</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, in real time.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2309soil evaporationmobile injection irrigationempirical modeltime-domain reflectometry |
| spellingShingle | Amadeusz Walczak Mateusz Lipiński Grzegorz Janik Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation Intensity Sensors soil evaporation mobile injection irrigation empirical model time-domain reflectometry |
| title | Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation Intensity |
| title_full | Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation Intensity |
| title_fullStr | Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation Intensity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation Intensity |
| title_short | Application of the TDR Sensor and the Parameters of Injection Irrigation for the Estimation of Soil Evaporation Intensity |
| title_sort | application of the tdr sensor and the parameters of injection irrigation for the estimation of soil evaporation intensity |
| topic | soil evaporation mobile injection irrigation empirical model time-domain reflectometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2309 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT amadeuszwalczak applicationofthetdrsensorandtheparametersofinjectionirrigationfortheestimationofsoilevaporationintensity AT mateuszlipinski applicationofthetdrsensorandtheparametersofinjectionirrigationfortheestimationofsoilevaporationintensity AT grzegorzjanik applicationofthetdrsensorandtheparametersofinjectionirrigationfortheestimationofsoilevaporationintensity |