Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region
In terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation is sensitive to climate change and human activities. Its spatial-temporal changes also affect the ecological and social environment. In this paper, we considered the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region to study the spatio-temporal vegetation patterns. The detailed anal...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/3958 |
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| author | Yuan Zou Wei Chen Siliang Li Tiejun Wang Le Yu Min Xu Ramesh P. Singh Cong-Qiang Liu |
| author_facet | Yuan Zou Wei Chen Siliang Li Tiejun Wang Le Yu Min Xu Ramesh P. Singh Cong-Qiang Liu |
| author_sort | Yuan Zou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation is sensitive to climate change and human activities. Its spatial-temporal changes also affect the ecological and social environment. In this paper, we considered the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region to study the spatio-temporal vegetation patterns. The detailed analysis of a moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were carried out through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Our results show a slow and tortuous upward trend in the average leaf area index (LAI) in the study region for the periods 2001–2020. Specifically, Beijing had the highest LAI value, with an average of 1.64 over twenty years, followed by Hebei (1.30) and Tianjin (1.04). Among different vegetation types, forests had the highest normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with the range of 0.62–0.78, followed by shrubland (0.58–0.75), grassland (0.34–0.66), and cropland (0.38–0.54) over the years. Spatially, compared to the whole study area, index value in the northwestern part of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region increased greatly in many areas, such as northwest Beijing, Chengde, and Zhangjiakou, indicating a significant ecological optimization. Meanwhile, there was ecological degradation in the middle and southeast regions, from Tangshan southeastward to Handan, crossing Tianjin, Langfang, the east part of Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and the west part of Cangzhou. Air temperature and precipitation were positively and significantly correlated with net primary production (NPP) and precipitation stood out as a key driver. Additionally, an intensification of the urbanization rate will negatively impact the vegetation NPP, with the shrubland and forest being affected most relative to the cropland. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:53:02Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:53:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-0035ba502e074e26a2815dc8fdae6b962023-12-03T14:24:23ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-08-011416395810.3390/rs14163958Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei RegionYuan Zou0Wei Chen1Siliang Li2Tiejun Wang3Le Yu4Min Xu5Ramesh P. Singh6Cong-Qiang Liu7Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaInstitute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaInstitute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaInstitute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USAInstitute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaIn terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation is sensitive to climate change and human activities. Its spatial-temporal changes also affect the ecological and social environment. In this paper, we considered the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region to study the spatio-temporal vegetation patterns. The detailed analysis of a moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were carried out through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Our results show a slow and tortuous upward trend in the average leaf area index (LAI) in the study region for the periods 2001–2020. Specifically, Beijing had the highest LAI value, with an average of 1.64 over twenty years, followed by Hebei (1.30) and Tianjin (1.04). Among different vegetation types, forests had the highest normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with the range of 0.62–0.78, followed by shrubland (0.58–0.75), grassland (0.34–0.66), and cropland (0.38–0.54) over the years. Spatially, compared to the whole study area, index value in the northwestern part of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region increased greatly in many areas, such as northwest Beijing, Chengde, and Zhangjiakou, indicating a significant ecological optimization. Meanwhile, there was ecological degradation in the middle and southeast regions, from Tangshan southeastward to Handan, crossing Tianjin, Langfang, the east part of Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and the west part of Cangzhou. Air temperature and precipitation were positively and significantly correlated with net primary production (NPP) and precipitation stood out as a key driver. Additionally, an intensification of the urbanization rate will negatively impact the vegetation NPP, with the shrubland and forest being affected most relative to the cropland.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/3958Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei regionnormalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)average leaf area index (LAI)net primary production (NPP)multiple driving factors |
| spellingShingle | Yuan Zou Wei Chen Siliang Li Tiejun Wang Le Yu Min Xu Ramesh P. Singh Cong-Qiang Liu Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region Remote Sensing Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) average leaf area index (LAI) net primary production (NPP) multiple driving factors |
| title | Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region |
| title_full | Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region |
| title_fullStr | Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region |
| title_short | Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001–2020) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region |
| title_sort | spatio temporal changes in vegetation in the last two decades 2001 2020 in the beijing tianjin hebei region |
| topic | Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) average leaf area index (LAI) net primary production (NPP) multiple driving factors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/3958 |
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