Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal
In this work, two methods were investigated for determining the composition of carbonate solvent systems used in lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrolytes. One method was based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/EI TOF...
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2022-04-01
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/8/2805 |
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author | Mohammad Parhizi Louis Edwards Caceres-Martinez Brent A. Modereger Hilkka I. Kenttämaa Gozdem Kilaz Jason K. Ostanek |
author_facet | Mohammad Parhizi Louis Edwards Caceres-Martinez Brent A. Modereger Hilkka I. Kenttämaa Gozdem Kilaz Jason K. Ostanek |
author_sort | Mohammad Parhizi |
collection | DOAJ |
description | In this work, two methods were investigated for determining the composition of carbonate solvent systems used in lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrolytes. One method was based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/EI TOF MS), which often enables unknown compound identification by their electron ionization (EI) mass spectra. The other method was based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC×GC/FID). Both methods were used to determine the concentrations of six different commonly used carbonates in Li-ion battery electrolytes (i.e., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and vinylene carbonate (VC) in model compound mixtures (MCMs), single-blind samples (SBS), and a commercially obtained electrolyte solution (COES). Both methods were found to be precise (uncertainty < 5%), accurate (error < 5%), and sensitive (limit of detection <0.12 ppm for FID and <2.7 ppm for MS). Furthermore, unlike the previously reported methods, these methods do not require removing lithium hexafluorophosphate salt (LiPF<sub>6</sub>) from the sample prior to analysis. Removal of the lithium salt was avoided by diluting the electrolyte solutions prior to analysis (1000-fold dilution) and using minimal sample volumes (0.1 µL) for analysis. |
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format | Article |
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institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 1996-1073 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:38:16Z |
publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Energies |
spelling | doaj.art-00599d966ef648de81e5fe68527f83862023-12-01T20:48:46ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732022-04-01158280510.3390/en15082805Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt RemovalMohammad Parhizi0Louis Edwards Caceres-Martinez1Brent A. Modereger2Hilkka I. Kenttämaa3Gozdem Kilaz4Jason K. Ostanek5School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, 401 N. Grant St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USASchool of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, 401 N. Grant St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USADepartment of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USADepartment of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USASchool of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, 401 N. Grant St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USASchool of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, 401 N. Grant St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAIn this work, two methods were investigated for determining the composition of carbonate solvent systems used in lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrolytes. One method was based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/EI TOF MS), which often enables unknown compound identification by their electron ionization (EI) mass spectra. The other method was based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC×GC/FID). Both methods were used to determine the concentrations of six different commonly used carbonates in Li-ion battery electrolytes (i.e., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and vinylene carbonate (VC) in model compound mixtures (MCMs), single-blind samples (SBS), and a commercially obtained electrolyte solution (COES). Both methods were found to be precise (uncertainty < 5%), accurate (error < 5%), and sensitive (limit of detection <0.12 ppm for FID and <2.7 ppm for MS). Furthermore, unlike the previously reported methods, these methods do not require removing lithium hexafluorophosphate salt (LiPF<sub>6</sub>) from the sample prior to analysis. Removal of the lithium salt was avoided by diluting the electrolyte solutions prior to analysis (1000-fold dilution) and using minimal sample volumes (0.1 µL) for analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/8/2805lithium-ion batterieselectrolytetwo-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)mass spectrometry (MS)flame ionization detector (FID)analytical techniques |
spellingShingle | Mohammad Parhizi Louis Edwards Caceres-Martinez Brent A. Modereger Hilkka I. Kenttämaa Gozdem Kilaz Jason K. Ostanek Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal Energies lithium-ion batteries electrolyte two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) mass spectrometry (MS) flame ionization detector (FID) analytical techniques |
title | Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal |
title_full | Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal |
title_fullStr | Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal |
title_full_unstemmed | Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal |
title_short | Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal |
title_sort | determining the composition of carbonate solvent systems used in lithium ion batteries without salt removal |
topic | lithium-ion batteries electrolyte two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) mass spectrometry (MS) flame ionization detector (FID) analytical techniques |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/8/2805 |
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