Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms
Peptides continue to gain significance in the pharmaceutical arena. Since the unveiling of insulin in 1921, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorised around 100 peptides for various applications. Peptides, although initially derived from endogenous sources, have evolved beyond their natu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/3/264 |
| _version_ | 1827306867298140160 |
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| author | Othman Al Musaimi |
| author_facet | Othman Al Musaimi |
| author_sort | Othman Al Musaimi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Peptides continue to gain significance in the pharmaceutical arena. Since the unveiling of insulin in 1921, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorised around 100 peptides for various applications. Peptides, although initially derived from endogenous sources, have evolved beyond their natural origins, exhibiting favourable therapeutic effectiveness. Medicinal chemistry has played a pivotal role in synthesising valuable natural peptide analogues, providing synthetic alternatives with therapeutic potential. Furthermore, key chemical modifications have enhanced the stability of peptides and strengthened their interactions with therapeutic targets. For instance, selective modifications have extended their half-life and lessened the frequency of their administration while maintaining the desired therapeutic action. In this review, I analyse the FDA approval of natural peptides, as well as engineered peptides for diabetes treatment, growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), cholecystokinin (CCK), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptide analogues. Attention will be paid to the structure, mode of action, developmental journey, FDA authorisation, and the adverse effects of these peptides. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:29:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-005a947b003d48d696284a1cd557128d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:29:41Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-005a947b003d48d696284a1cd557128d2024-03-27T13:27:48ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2024-02-0114326410.3390/biom14030264Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH RealmsOthman Al Musaimi0School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UKPeptides continue to gain significance in the pharmaceutical arena. Since the unveiling of insulin in 1921, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorised around 100 peptides for various applications. Peptides, although initially derived from endogenous sources, have evolved beyond their natural origins, exhibiting favourable therapeutic effectiveness. Medicinal chemistry has played a pivotal role in synthesising valuable natural peptide analogues, providing synthetic alternatives with therapeutic potential. Furthermore, key chemical modifications have enhanced the stability of peptides and strengthened their interactions with therapeutic targets. For instance, selective modifications have extended their half-life and lessened the frequency of their administration while maintaining the desired therapeutic action. In this review, I analyse the FDA approval of natural peptides, as well as engineered peptides for diabetes treatment, growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), cholecystokinin (CCK), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptide analogues. Attention will be paid to the structure, mode of action, developmental journey, FDA authorisation, and the adverse effects of these peptides.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/3/264peptidesFDAnatural peptidesGLP-1GIPGHRH |
| spellingShingle | Othman Al Musaimi Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms Biomolecules peptides FDA natural peptides GLP-1 GIP GHRH |
| title | Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms |
| title_full | Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms |
| title_fullStr | Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms |
| title_short | Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms |
| title_sort | exploring fda approved frontiers insights into natural and engineered peptide analogues in the glp 1 gip ghrh cck acth and α msh realms |
| topic | peptides FDA natural peptides GLP-1 GIP GHRH |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/3/264 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT othmanalmusaimi exploringfdaapprovedfrontiersinsightsintonaturalandengineeredpeptideanaloguesintheglp1gipghrhcckacthandamshrealms |