Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt Welding
With the increasing power and speed of laser welding, in-process monitoring has become even more crucial to ensure process stability and weld quality. Due to its low cost and installation flexibility, acoustic process monitoring is a promising method and has demonstrated its effectiveness. Although...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10548 |
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| author | Sayako Kodera Leander Schmidt Florian Römer Klaus Schricker Saichand Gourishetti David Böttger Tanja Krüger András Kátai Benjamin Straß Bernd Wolter Jean Pierre Bergmann |
| author_facet | Sayako Kodera Leander Schmidt Florian Römer Klaus Schricker Saichand Gourishetti David Böttger Tanja Krüger András Kátai Benjamin Straß Bernd Wolter Jean Pierre Bergmann |
| author_sort | Sayako Kodera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the increasing power and speed of laser welding, in-process monitoring has become even more crucial to ensure process stability and weld quality. Due to its low cost and installation flexibility, acoustic process monitoring is a promising method and has demonstrated its effectiveness. Although its feasibility has been the focus of existing studies, the temporal resolution of acoustic emissions (AE) has not yet been addressed despite its utmost importance for realizing real-time systems. Aiming to provide a benchmark for further development, this study investigates the relationship between duration and informativeness of AE signals during high-power (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.5</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and high-speed (12 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>min</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) laser beam butt welding. Specifically, the informativeness of AE signals is evaluated based on the accuracy of detecting and quantifying joint gaps for various time windows of signals, yielding numerical comparison. The obtained results show that signals can be shortened up to a certain point without sacrificing their informativeness, encouraging the optimization of the signal duration. Our results also suggest that large gaps (><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) induce unique signal characteristics in AE, which are clearly identifiable from 1 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> signal segments, equivalent to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> weld seam. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:03:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-005dec088c6244e8885404521cc5757f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:03:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-005dec088c6244e8885404521cc5757f2023-11-19T09:29:17ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-09-0113181054810.3390/app131810548Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt WeldingSayako Kodera0Leander Schmidt1Florian Römer2Klaus Schricker3Saichand Gourishetti4David Böttger5Tanja Krüger6András Kátai7Benjamin Straß8Bernd Wolter9Jean Pierre Bergmann10Fraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyProduction Technology Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Platz 2,98693 Ilmenau, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyProduction Technology Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Platz 2,98693 Ilmenau, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Ehrenbergstraße 31, 98693 Ilmenau, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Ehrenbergstraße 31, 98693 Ilmenau, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Ehrenbergstraße 31, 98693 Ilmenau, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyProduction Technology Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Platz 2,98693 Ilmenau, GermanyWith the increasing power and speed of laser welding, in-process monitoring has become even more crucial to ensure process stability and weld quality. Due to its low cost and installation flexibility, acoustic process monitoring is a promising method and has demonstrated its effectiveness. Although its feasibility has been the focus of existing studies, the temporal resolution of acoustic emissions (AE) has not yet been addressed despite its utmost importance for realizing real-time systems. Aiming to provide a benchmark for further development, this study investigates the relationship between duration and informativeness of AE signals during high-power (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.5</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and high-speed (12 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>min</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) laser beam butt welding. Specifically, the informativeness of AE signals is evaluated based on the accuracy of detecting and quantifying joint gaps for various time windows of signals, yielding numerical comparison. The obtained results show that signals can be shortened up to a certain point without sacrificing their informativeness, encouraging the optimization of the signal duration. Our results also suggest that large gaps (><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) induce unique signal characteristics in AE, which are clearly identifiable from 1 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> signal segments, equivalent to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> weld seam.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10548laser beam butt weldingacoustic process monitoringnondestructive testing (NDT)joint gap detectiontemporal resolutionclustering |
| spellingShingle | Sayako Kodera Leander Schmidt Florian Römer Klaus Schricker Saichand Gourishetti David Böttger Tanja Krüger András Kátai Benjamin Straß Bernd Wolter Jean Pierre Bergmann Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt Welding Applied Sciences laser beam butt welding acoustic process monitoring nondestructive testing (NDT) joint gap detection temporal resolution clustering |
| title | Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt Welding |
| title_full | Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt Welding |
| title_fullStr | Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt Welding |
| title_full_unstemmed | Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt Welding |
| title_short | Temporal Resolution of Acoustic Process Emissions for Monitoring Joint Gap Formation in Laser Beam Butt Welding |
| title_sort | temporal resolution of acoustic process emissions for monitoring joint gap formation in laser beam butt welding |
| topic | laser beam butt welding acoustic process monitoring nondestructive testing (NDT) joint gap detection temporal resolution clustering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10548 |
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