Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric Vehicles
Due to increasing sales figures, the energy consumption of battery-electric vehicles is moving further into focus. In addition to efficient driving, it is also important that the energy losses during AC charging are as low as possible for a sustainable operation. In many situations it is not possibl...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Vehicles |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/3/4/43 |
| _version_ | 1797500010426793984 |
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| author | Benedikt Reick Anja Konzept André Kaufmann Ralf Stetter Danilo Engelmann |
| author_facet | Benedikt Reick Anja Konzept André Kaufmann Ralf Stetter Danilo Engelmann |
| author_sort | Benedikt Reick |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Due to increasing sales figures, the energy consumption of battery-electric vehicles is moving further into focus. In addition to efficient driving, it is also important that the energy losses during AC charging are as low as possible for a sustainable operation. In many situations it is not possible or necessary to charge the vehicle with the maximum charging power e.g., in apartment buildings. The influence of the charging mode (number of phases used, in-cable-control-box or used wallbox, charging current) on the charging efficiency is often unknown. In this work, the energy consumption of two electric vehicles in the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle is presented. In-house developed measurement technology and vehicle CAN data are used. A detailed breakdown of charging losses, drivetrain efficiency, and overall energy consumption for one of the vehicles is provided. Finally, the results are discussed with reference to avoidable CO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> emissions. The charging losses of the tested vehicles range from 12.79 to 20.42%. Maximum charging power with three phases and 16 A charging current delivers the best efficiencies. Single-phase charging was considered down to 10 A, where the losses are greatest. The drivetrain efficiency while driving is 63.88% on average for the WLTC, 77.12% in the “extra high” section and 23.12% in the “low” section. The resulting energy consumption for both vehicles is higher than the OEM data given (21.6 to 44.9%). Possible origins for the surplus on energy consumption are detailed. Over 100,000 km, unfavorable charging results in additional CO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> emissions of 1.24 t. The emissions for an assumed annual mileage of 20,000 km are three times larger than for a class A+ refrigerator. A classification of charging modes and chargers thus appears to make sense. In the following work, efficiency improvements in the charger as well as DC charging will be proposed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:55:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-00641bcf5de24831978affbf2f3c80e0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-8921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:55:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vehicles |
| spelling | doaj.art-00641bcf5de24831978affbf2f3c80e02023-11-23T10:55:26ZengMDPI AGVehicles2624-89212021-11-013473674810.3390/vehicles3040043Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric VehiclesBenedikt Reick0Anja Konzept1André Kaufmann2Ralf Stetter3Danilo Engelmann4Department of Electrical Engineering, Ravensburg-Weingarten University (RWU), 88250 Weingarten, GermanyDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Ravensburg-Weingarten University (RWU), 88250 Weingarten, GermanyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Ravensburg-Weingarten University (RWU), 88250 Weingarten, GermanyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Ravensburg-Weingarten University (RWU), 88250 Weingarten, GermanySchool of Engineering and Computer Science, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 2500 Biel-Bienne, SwitzerlandDue to increasing sales figures, the energy consumption of battery-electric vehicles is moving further into focus. In addition to efficient driving, it is also important that the energy losses during AC charging are as low as possible for a sustainable operation. In many situations it is not possible or necessary to charge the vehicle with the maximum charging power e.g., in apartment buildings. The influence of the charging mode (number of phases used, in-cable-control-box or used wallbox, charging current) on the charging efficiency is often unknown. In this work, the energy consumption of two electric vehicles in the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle is presented. In-house developed measurement technology and vehicle CAN data are used. A detailed breakdown of charging losses, drivetrain efficiency, and overall energy consumption for one of the vehicles is provided. Finally, the results are discussed with reference to avoidable CO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> emissions. The charging losses of the tested vehicles range from 12.79 to 20.42%. Maximum charging power with three phases and 16 A charging current delivers the best efficiencies. Single-phase charging was considered down to 10 A, where the losses are greatest. The drivetrain efficiency while driving is 63.88% on average for the WLTC, 77.12% in the “extra high” section and 23.12% in the “low” section. The resulting energy consumption for both vehicles is higher than the OEM data given (21.6 to 44.9%). Possible origins for the surplus on energy consumption are detailed. Over 100,000 km, unfavorable charging results in additional CO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> emissions of 1.24 t. The emissions for an assumed annual mileage of 20,000 km are three times larger than for a class A+ refrigerator. A classification of charging modes and chargers thus appears to make sense. In the following work, efficiency improvements in the charger as well as DC charging will be proposed.https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/3/4/43e-mobilitychargingpower-lossCO<sub>2</sub>-emissions |
| spellingShingle | Benedikt Reick Anja Konzept André Kaufmann Ralf Stetter Danilo Engelmann Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric Vehicles Vehicles e-mobility charging power-loss CO<sub>2</sub>-emissions |
| title | Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric Vehicles |
| title_full | Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric Vehicles |
| title_short | Influence of Charging Losses on Energy Consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Battery-Electric Vehicles |
| title_sort | influence of charging losses on energy consumption and co sub 2 sub emissions of battery electric vehicles |
| topic | e-mobility charging power-loss CO<sub>2</sub>-emissions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/3/4/43 |
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