Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authentication
On-dose authentication (ODA) enhances security by incorporating customized molecular or micro-tags into each pill, preventing counterfeit products in genuine packages. ODA's security relies on tag non-replication and non-reverse engineering. Combining ODA with graphical Physical Unclonable Func...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023101034 |
| _version_ | 1827367265421492224 |
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| author | Mengmeng Zhang Aparna Raghunath An Zhao Huseyin Burak Eral |
| author_facet | Mengmeng Zhang Aparna Raghunath An Zhao Huseyin Burak Eral |
| author_sort | Mengmeng Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | On-dose authentication (ODA) enhances security by incorporating customized molecular or micro-tags into each pill, preventing counterfeit products in genuine packages. ODA's security relies on tag non-replication and non-reverse engineering. Combining ODA with graphical Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) promises maximum security. PUF uses intrinsic micro or nanoscale randomness as a unique ‘fingerprint’. However, current graphical PUFs have limitations like specific illumination requirements and the use of toxic materials, restricting their use in pharmaceuticals.In this study, we propose a novel approach called on-dose PUF. This method involves embedding microspheres randomly within micro biocompatible hydrogel particles. We showcase two distinct types of such on-dose PUFs. The first type utilizes randomly distributed superparamagnetic colloids (SPC) of identical diameters, while the second type utilizes vortexed sunflower oil drops of various diameters. The diameter and coordinates of the microspheres serve as input for generating cryptographic keys. A universal circle identification and binning program is used for extracting this information. One advantage of this approach is that it enables imaging using white light illumination and low-magnification microscopy, as color and signal intensity information are not crucial. This method enables patients to verify their medication by using their mobile phones from home.To assess the performance of the proposed on-dose PUF, we conducted canonical investigations on the single-diameter system. This system can only generate one layer of cryptographic keys, making it potentially more vulnerable than the multiple-diameter system. However, the single-diameter system successfully passed NIST Statistical tests and exhibited sufficient randomness, ideal bit uniformity, Hamming distance, and device uniqueness. Furthermore, we found that the encoding capacity of the single-diameter system was 9.2×1018, providing ample labeling potential. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:04:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-006df9dec8504eb5b5a4e97afa11fa6b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:04:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-006df9dec8504eb5b5a4e97afa11fa6b2024-02-01T06:30:22ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-01-01101e22895Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authenticationMengmeng Zhang0Aparna Raghunath1An Zhao2Huseyin Burak Eral3Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, the NetherlandsProcess & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, the NetherlandsProcess & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, the NetherlandsProcess & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, the Netherlands; Van't Hoff Labs, Physical Chemistry, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands; Corresponding author.On-dose authentication (ODA) enhances security by incorporating customized molecular or micro-tags into each pill, preventing counterfeit products in genuine packages. ODA's security relies on tag non-replication and non-reverse engineering. Combining ODA with graphical Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) promises maximum security. PUF uses intrinsic micro or nanoscale randomness as a unique ‘fingerprint’. However, current graphical PUFs have limitations like specific illumination requirements and the use of toxic materials, restricting their use in pharmaceuticals.In this study, we propose a novel approach called on-dose PUF. This method involves embedding microspheres randomly within micro biocompatible hydrogel particles. We showcase two distinct types of such on-dose PUFs. The first type utilizes randomly distributed superparamagnetic colloids (SPC) of identical diameters, while the second type utilizes vortexed sunflower oil drops of various diameters. The diameter and coordinates of the microspheres serve as input for generating cryptographic keys. A universal circle identification and binning program is used for extracting this information. One advantage of this approach is that it enables imaging using white light illumination and low-magnification microscopy, as color and signal intensity information are not crucial. This method enables patients to verify their medication by using their mobile phones from home.To assess the performance of the proposed on-dose PUF, we conducted canonical investigations on the single-diameter system. This system can only generate one layer of cryptographic keys, making it potentially more vulnerable than the multiple-diameter system. However, the single-diameter system successfully passed NIST Statistical tests and exhibited sufficient randomness, ideal bit uniformity, Hamming distance, and device uniqueness. Furthermore, we found that the encoding capacity of the single-diameter system was 9.2×1018, providing ample labeling potential.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023101034Anti-counterfeitingOn-dose authenticationPhysical unclonable functionBiocompatibleHydrogelColloid |
| spellingShingle | Mengmeng Zhang Aparna Raghunath An Zhao Huseyin Burak Eral Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authentication Heliyon Anti-counterfeiting On-dose authentication Physical unclonable function Biocompatible Hydrogel Colloid |
| title | Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authentication |
| title_full | Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authentication |
| title_fullStr | Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authentication |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authentication |
| title_short | Biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on-dose authentication |
| title_sort | biocompatible optical physically unclonable function hydrogel microparticles for on dose authentication |
| topic | Anti-counterfeiting On-dose authentication Physical unclonable function Biocompatible Hydrogel Colloid |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023101034 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mengmengzhang biocompatibleopticalphysicallyunclonablefunctionhydrogelmicroparticlesforondoseauthentication AT aparnaraghunath biocompatibleopticalphysicallyunclonablefunctionhydrogelmicroparticlesforondoseauthentication AT anzhao biocompatibleopticalphysicallyunclonablefunctionhydrogelmicroparticlesforondoseauthentication AT huseyinburakeral biocompatibleopticalphysicallyunclonablefunctionhydrogelmicroparticlesforondoseauthentication |