Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification
A facile and eco-friendly approach using in situ-generated 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (BDS) was applied to prepare highly functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effectiveness of this functionalization was additionally enhanced by a green and short-time ball milling process applied beforehand....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/7/1623 |
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| author | Karolina Ptaszyńska Anna Malaika Katarzyna Morawa Eblagon José Luís Figueiredo Mieczysław Kozłowski |
| author_facet | Karolina Ptaszyńska Anna Malaika Katarzyna Morawa Eblagon José Luís Figueiredo Mieczysław Kozłowski |
| author_sort | Karolina Ptaszyńska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A facile and eco-friendly approach using in situ-generated 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (BDS) was applied to prepare highly functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effectiveness of this functionalization was additionally enhanced by a green and short-time ball milling process applied beforehand. The obtained BDS-modified CNTs presented significant activity in glycerol etherification, producing tert-butyl glycerol ethers, which are considered promising fuel additives. Excellent results of ~56% glycerol conversion and ~10% yield of higher-substituted tert-butyl glycerol ethers were obtained within just 1 h of reaction at 120 °C using a low catalyst loading of only 2.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the sulfonated CNTs were reusable over several reaction cycles, with only a minor decrease in activity. Additionally, the sample activity could be restored by a simple regeneration approach. Finally, a clear correlation was found between the content of -SO<sub>3</sub>H groups on the surface of CNTs and the catalytic performances of these materials in glycerol etherification. Improved interaction between functionalized ball-milled CNTs and the reactants was also suggested to positively affect the activity of these catalysts in the tested process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:38:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-00b262b646564771968ac57c0e1c5564 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:38:39Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-00b262b646564771968ac57c0e1c55642024-04-12T13:23:36ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-04-01297162310.3390/molecules29071623Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol EtherificationKarolina Ptaszyńska0Anna Malaika1Katarzyna Morawa Eblagon2José Luís Figueiredo3Mieczysław Kozłowski4Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, PolandLSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalLSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, PolandA facile and eco-friendly approach using in situ-generated 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (BDS) was applied to prepare highly functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effectiveness of this functionalization was additionally enhanced by a green and short-time ball milling process applied beforehand. The obtained BDS-modified CNTs presented significant activity in glycerol etherification, producing tert-butyl glycerol ethers, which are considered promising fuel additives. Excellent results of ~56% glycerol conversion and ~10% yield of higher-substituted tert-butyl glycerol ethers were obtained within just 1 h of reaction at 120 °C using a low catalyst loading of only 2.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the sulfonated CNTs were reusable over several reaction cycles, with only a minor decrease in activity. Additionally, the sample activity could be restored by a simple regeneration approach. Finally, a clear correlation was found between the content of -SO<sub>3</sub>H groups on the surface of CNTs and the catalytic performances of these materials in glycerol etherification. Improved interaction between functionalized ball-milled CNTs and the reactants was also suggested to positively affect the activity of these catalysts in the tested process.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/7/1623carbon nanotubessurface functionalizationball millingglycerol etherificationfuel additives |
| spellingShingle | Karolina Ptaszyńska Anna Malaika Katarzyna Morawa Eblagon José Luís Figueiredo Mieczysław Kozłowski Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification Molecules carbon nanotubes surface functionalization ball milling glycerol etherification fuel additives |
| title | Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification |
| title_full | Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification |
| title_fullStr | Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification |
| title_full_unstemmed | Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification |
| title_short | Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification |
| title_sort | promoting effect of ball milling on the functionalization and catalytic performance of carbon nanotubes in glycerol etherification |
| topic | carbon nanotubes surface functionalization ball milling glycerol etherification fuel additives |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/7/1623 |
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