Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of India
This study presents the source apportionment of coarse-mode particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub>) extracted by 3 receptor models (PCA/APCS, UNMIX, and PMF) at semi-urban sites of the Indian Himalayan region (IHR) during August 2018–December 2019. In this study, water-soluble inorganic ion...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-05-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/5/880 |
| _version_ | 1827742087866482688 |
|---|---|
| author | Nikki Choudhary Akansha Rai Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal Priyanka Srivastava Renu Lata Monami Dutta Abhinandan Ghosh Supriya Dey Sayantan Sarkar Sakshi Gupta Sheetal Chaudhary Isha Thakur Archana Bawari Manish Naja Narayanasamy Vijayan Abhijit Chatterjee Tuhin Kumar Mandal Sudhir Kumar Sharma Ravindra Kumar Kotnala |
| author_facet | Nikki Choudhary Akansha Rai Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal Priyanka Srivastava Renu Lata Monami Dutta Abhinandan Ghosh Supriya Dey Sayantan Sarkar Sakshi Gupta Sheetal Chaudhary Isha Thakur Archana Bawari Manish Naja Narayanasamy Vijayan Abhijit Chatterjee Tuhin Kumar Mandal Sudhir Kumar Sharma Ravindra Kumar Kotnala |
| author_sort | Nikki Choudhary |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study presents the source apportionment of coarse-mode particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub>) extracted by 3 receptor models (PCA/APCS, UNMIX, and PMF) at semi-urban sites of the Indian Himalayan region (IHR) during August 2018–December 2019. In this study, water-soluble inorganic ionic species (WSIIS), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), carbon fractions (organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)), and trace elements of PM<sub>10</sub> were analyzed over the IHR. Nainital (62 ± 39 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) had the highest annual average mass concentration of PM<sub>10</sub> (average ± standard deviation at 1 σ), followed by Mohal Kullu (58 ± 32 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) and Darjeeling (54 ± 18 µg m<sup>−3</sup>). The annual total ∑WSIIS concentration order was as follows: Darjeeling (14.02 ± 10.01 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) > Mohal-Kullu (13.75 ± 10.21 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) > Nainital (10.20 ± 6.30 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), contributing to 15–30% of the PM<sub>10</sub> mass. The dominant secondary ions (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) suggest that the study sites were strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources from regional and long-range transport. Principal component analysis (PCA) with an absolute principal component score (APCS), UNMIX, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were used for source identification of PM<sub>10</sub> at the study sites of the IHR. All three models showed relatively similar results of source profiles for all study sites except their source number and percentage contribution. Overall, soil dust (SD), secondary aerosols (SAs), combustion (biomass burning (BB) + fossil fuel combustion (FFC): BB+FFC), and vehicular emissions (VEs) are the major sources of PM<sub>10</sub> identified by these models at all study sites. Air mass backward trajectories illustrated that PM<sub>10</sub>, mainly attributed to dust-related aerosols, was transported from the Thar Desert, Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), and northwestern region of India (i.e., Punjab and Haryana) and Afghanistan to the IHR. Transported agricultural or residual burning plumes from the IGP and nearby areas significantly contribute to the concentration of carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) at study sites. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:57:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-00f776670b95471db603413df844e101 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:57:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-00f776670b95471db603413df844e1012023-11-18T00:26:16ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-05-0114588010.3390/atmos14050880Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of IndiaNikki Choudhary0Akansha Rai1Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal2Priyanka Srivastava3Renu Lata4Monami Dutta5Abhinandan Ghosh6Supriya Dey7Sayantan Sarkar8Sakshi Gupta9Sheetal Chaudhary10Isha Thakur11Archana Bawari12Manish Naja13Narayanasamy Vijayan14Abhijit Chatterjee15Tuhin Kumar Mandal16Sudhir Kumar Sharma17Ravindra Kumar Kotnala18CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, IndiaCSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, IndiaG. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, IndiaAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263002, IndiaG. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu 175126, IndiaEnvironmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata 700091, IndiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur 201086, IndiaSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand 175005, IndiaSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand 175005, IndiaCSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, IndiaG. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, IndiaG. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu 175126, IndiaG. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, IndiaAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263002, IndiaCSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, IndiaEnvironmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata 700091, IndiaCSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, IndiaCSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, IndiaCSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, IndiaThis study presents the source apportionment of coarse-mode particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub>) extracted by 3 receptor models (PCA/APCS, UNMIX, and PMF) at semi-urban sites of the Indian Himalayan region (IHR) during August 2018–December 2019. In this study, water-soluble inorganic ionic species (WSIIS), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), carbon fractions (organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)), and trace elements of PM<sub>10</sub> were analyzed over the IHR. Nainital (62 ± 39 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) had the highest annual average mass concentration of PM<sub>10</sub> (average ± standard deviation at 1 σ), followed by Mohal Kullu (58 ± 32 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) and Darjeeling (54 ± 18 µg m<sup>−3</sup>). The annual total ∑WSIIS concentration order was as follows: Darjeeling (14.02 ± 10.01 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) > Mohal-Kullu (13.75 ± 10.21 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) > Nainital (10.20 ± 6.30 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), contributing to 15–30% of the PM<sub>10</sub> mass. The dominant secondary ions (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) suggest that the study sites were strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources from regional and long-range transport. Principal component analysis (PCA) with an absolute principal component score (APCS), UNMIX, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were used for source identification of PM<sub>10</sub> at the study sites of the IHR. All three models showed relatively similar results of source profiles for all study sites except their source number and percentage contribution. Overall, soil dust (SD), secondary aerosols (SAs), combustion (biomass burning (BB) + fossil fuel combustion (FFC): BB+FFC), and vehicular emissions (VEs) are the major sources of PM<sub>10</sub> identified by these models at all study sites. Air mass backward trajectories illustrated that PM<sub>10</sub>, mainly attributed to dust-related aerosols, was transported from the Thar Desert, Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), and northwestern region of India (i.e., Punjab and Haryana) and Afghanistan to the IHR. Transported agricultural or residual burning plumes from the IGP and nearby areas significantly contribute to the concentration of carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) at study sites.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/5/880secondary aerosolswater-soluble ionic speciesaerosol acidityneutralization factorPMFHimalaya |
| spellingShingle | Nikki Choudhary Akansha Rai Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal Priyanka Srivastava Renu Lata Monami Dutta Abhinandan Ghosh Supriya Dey Sayantan Sarkar Sakshi Gupta Sheetal Chaudhary Isha Thakur Archana Bawari Manish Naja Narayanasamy Vijayan Abhijit Chatterjee Tuhin Kumar Mandal Sudhir Kumar Sharma Ravindra Kumar Kotnala Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of India Atmosphere secondary aerosols water-soluble ionic species aerosol acidity neutralization factor PMF Himalaya |
| title | Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of India |
| title_full | Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of India |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of India |
| title_short | Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> Using Receptor Models over the Himalayan Region of India |
| title_sort | chemical characterization and source apportionment of pm sub 10 sub using receptor models over the himalayan region of india |
| topic | secondary aerosols water-soluble ionic species aerosol acidity neutralization factor PMF Himalaya |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/5/880 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nikkichoudhary chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT akansharai chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT jagdishchandrakuniyal chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT priyankasrivastava chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT renulata chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT monamidutta chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT abhinandanghosh chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT supriyadey chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT sayantansarkar chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT sakshigupta chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT sheetalchaudhary chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT ishathakur chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT archanabawari chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT manishnaja chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT narayanasamyvijayan chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT abhijitchatterjee chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT tuhinkumarmandal chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT sudhirkumarsharma chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia AT ravindrakumarkotnala chemicalcharacterizationandsourceapportionmentofpmsub10subusingreceptormodelsoverthehimalayanregionofindia |