Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City
Consumption of St. John’s wort plant is high worldwide due to its various medicinal properties. However, herbal products containing St. John’s wort may be contaminated with toxic metals. This is often related to contamination of both water and the atmosphere, lack of proper cultivation methods, and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/9/801 |
| _version_ | 1827723068537044992 |
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| author | Patricia Rojas Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez Carolina Rojas Betzabeth A. García-Martínez Arely M. López-Ramírez Laura Osorio-Rico Camilo Ríos Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor |
| author_facet | Patricia Rojas Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez Carolina Rojas Betzabeth A. García-Martínez Arely M. López-Ramírez Laura Osorio-Rico Camilo Ríos Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor |
| author_sort | Patricia Rojas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Consumption of St. John’s wort plant is high worldwide due to its various medicinal properties. However, herbal products containing St. John’s wort may be contaminated with toxic metals. This is often related to contamination of both water and the atmosphere, lack of proper cultivation methods, and inadequate plant storage conditions, as well as a lack of stricter sanitary supervision. A safety assessment of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) content in 23 products containing St. John’s wort (pharmaceutical herbal products, food supplements and traditional herbal remedies) sold in the metropolitan area of Mexico City was conducted. The analysis of metals was determined using a graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All herbal products were contaminated with Cu, Pb, Cd and As. The pharmaceutical herbal items showed less contamination by metals. The daily human intake (DHI) values for Pb exceeded the permissible limits in the group of traditional herbal remedies. The DHI calculation for As exceeded the permitted intake values for all items in the group of traditional herbal remedies, five food supplements and one pharmaceutical herbal product. The hazard indicator calculation of the non-carcinogenic cumulative risk values for traditional herbal remedies was greater than 1, suggesting a risk to human health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:53:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-01008cd238214dde80a44d90d7d1a4ac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:53:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-01008cd238214dde80a44d90d7d1a4ac2023-11-19T13:15:22ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-09-0111980110.3390/toxics11090801Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico CityPatricia Rojas0Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez1Carolina Rojas2Betzabeth A. García-Martínez3Arely M. López-Ramírez4Laura Osorio-Rico5Camilo Ríos6Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor7Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, MexicoLaboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, MexicoInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, S.S., Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Mexico City 14389, MexicoLaboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, MexicoLaboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, MexicoInstituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, S.S., Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Mexico City 14389, MexicoLaboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, MexicoConsumption of St. John’s wort plant is high worldwide due to its various medicinal properties. However, herbal products containing St. John’s wort may be contaminated with toxic metals. This is often related to contamination of both water and the atmosphere, lack of proper cultivation methods, and inadequate plant storage conditions, as well as a lack of stricter sanitary supervision. A safety assessment of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) content in 23 products containing St. John’s wort (pharmaceutical herbal products, food supplements and traditional herbal remedies) sold in the metropolitan area of Mexico City was conducted. The analysis of metals was determined using a graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All herbal products were contaminated with Cu, Pb, Cd and As. The pharmaceutical herbal items showed less contamination by metals. The daily human intake (DHI) values for Pb exceeded the permissible limits in the group of traditional herbal remedies. The DHI calculation for As exceeded the permitted intake values for all items in the group of traditional herbal remedies, five food supplements and one pharmaceutical herbal product. The hazard indicator calculation of the non-carcinogenic cumulative risk values for traditional herbal remedies was greater than 1, suggesting a risk to human health.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/9/801St. John’s wort<i>Hypericum</i> sp.heavy metal contentpharmaceutical herbal productsfood supplementsarsenic |
| spellingShingle | Patricia Rojas Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez Carolina Rojas Betzabeth A. García-Martínez Arely M. López-Ramírez Laura Osorio-Rico Camilo Ríos Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City Toxics St. John’s wort <i>Hypericum</i> sp. heavy metal content pharmaceutical herbal products food supplements arsenic |
| title | Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City |
| title_full | Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City |
| title_fullStr | Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City |
| title_short | Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City |
| title_sort | human health risk assessment of arsenic and other metals in herbal products containing st john s wort in the metropolitan area of mexico city |
| topic | St. John’s wort <i>Hypericum</i> sp. heavy metal content pharmaceutical herbal products food supplements arsenic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/9/801 |
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