Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay
Background: Avian influenza viruses (genus <i>Alphainfluenzavirus</i>, family <i>Orthomyxoviridae</i>) infect avian and mammal hosts. In 2022, the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H5N1) spread to South America, resulting in the loss of thousands of wild birds, includ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/9/1906 |
| _version_ | 1797576363350163456 |
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| author | Ana Marandino Gonzalo Tomás Yanina Panzera Carmen Leizagoyen Ramiro Pérez Lucía Bassetti Raúl Negro Sirley Rodríguez Ruben Pérez |
| author_facet | Ana Marandino Gonzalo Tomás Yanina Panzera Carmen Leizagoyen Ramiro Pérez Lucía Bassetti Raúl Negro Sirley Rodríguez Ruben Pérez |
| author_sort | Ana Marandino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Avian influenza viruses (genus <i>Alphainfluenzavirus</i>, family <i>Orthomyxoviridae</i>) infect avian and mammal hosts. In 2022, the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H5N1) spread to South America, resulting in the loss of thousands of wild birds, including endangered species, and severely impacting the global poultry industry. Objectives: We analyzed the complete genomes of influenza viruses obtained from wild birds and backyard poultry in Uruguay between February and May 2023. Methods: Twelve complete genomes were obtained in 2023 from cloacal swabs using Illumina sequencing. Genomes were phylogenetically analyzed with regional and global strains. Findings: The identified strains have multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin cleavage sites, which is typical for highly pathogenic strains. The Uruguayan viruses belonged to hemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b of the H5N1 subtype. A reassortment in North America has resulted in some segments of South American strains being of Eurasian or North American origins. The Uruguayan viruses shared a common ancestor with South American strains from Argentina and Chile. The influenza viruses displayed a spatiotemporal divergence pattern rather than being host-specific. Main Conclusions: The arrival of the 2.3.4.4b clade in Uruguay may have been mediated by birds that acquired the virus from Argentine and Chilean waterfowl migrating in the Pacific Flyway. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:51:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-010141f2cdbf46798bb98d56f937218f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:51:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-010141f2cdbf46798bb98d56f937218f2023-11-19T13:23:23ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-09-01159190610.3390/v15091906Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into UruguayAna Marandino0Gonzalo Tomás1Yanina Panzera2Carmen Leizagoyen3Ramiro Pérez4Lucía Bassetti5Raúl Negro6Sirley Rodríguez7Ruben Pérez8Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, UruguaySección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, UruguaySección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, UruguayDirección Nacional de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos (DINABISE), Ministerio de Ambiente, Juncal 1385, Montevideo 11100, UruguayDepartamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, UruguayDepartamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, UruguayDepartamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, UruguayDepartamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, UruguaySección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, UruguayBackground: Avian influenza viruses (genus <i>Alphainfluenzavirus</i>, family <i>Orthomyxoviridae</i>) infect avian and mammal hosts. In 2022, the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H5N1) spread to South America, resulting in the loss of thousands of wild birds, including endangered species, and severely impacting the global poultry industry. Objectives: We analyzed the complete genomes of influenza viruses obtained from wild birds and backyard poultry in Uruguay between February and May 2023. Methods: Twelve complete genomes were obtained in 2023 from cloacal swabs using Illumina sequencing. Genomes were phylogenetically analyzed with regional and global strains. Findings: The identified strains have multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin cleavage sites, which is typical for highly pathogenic strains. The Uruguayan viruses belonged to hemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b of the H5N1 subtype. A reassortment in North America has resulted in some segments of South American strains being of Eurasian or North American origins. The Uruguayan viruses shared a common ancestor with South American strains from Argentina and Chile. The influenza viruses displayed a spatiotemporal divergence pattern rather than being host-specific. Main Conclusions: The arrival of the 2.3.4.4b clade in Uruguay may have been mediated by birds that acquired the virus from Argentine and Chilean waterfowl migrating in the Pacific Flyway.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/9/1906AIVSouth Americagenetic lineagebackyard poultrywildlife |
| spellingShingle | Ana Marandino Gonzalo Tomás Yanina Panzera Carmen Leizagoyen Ramiro Pérez Lucía Bassetti Raúl Negro Sirley Rodríguez Ruben Pérez Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay Viruses AIV South America genetic lineage backyard poultry wildlife |
| title | Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay |
| title_full | Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay |
| title_fullStr | Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay |
| title_short | Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay |
| title_sort | spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza h5n1 virus of clade 2 3 4 4b into uruguay |
| topic | AIV South America genetic lineage backyard poultry wildlife |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/9/1906 |
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