Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania
There is escalating salinity levels on small islands due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction. Conventionally, this challenge is addressed by adopting optimal groundwater pumping strategies. Currently, on Unguja Island (Zanzibar), urban freshwater is supplied by desalination, which is expensive an...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-07-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/15/2085 |
| _version_ | 1797525085544775680 |
|---|---|
| author | Zuleikha Pembe-Ali Tulinave Burton Mwamila Mesia Lufingo Willis Gwenzi Janeth Marwa Mwemezi J. Rwiza Innocent Lugodisha Qinwen Qi Chicgoua Noubactep |
| author_facet | Zuleikha Pembe-Ali Tulinave Burton Mwamila Mesia Lufingo Willis Gwenzi Janeth Marwa Mwemezi J. Rwiza Innocent Lugodisha Qinwen Qi Chicgoua Noubactep |
| author_sort | Zuleikha Pembe-Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is escalating salinity levels on small islands due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction. Conventionally, this challenge is addressed by adopting optimal groundwater pumping strategies. Currently, on Unguja Island (Zanzibar), urban freshwater is supplied by desalination, which is expensive and energy-intensive. Hence, desalinization cannot be afforded by rural communities. This study demonstrates that the innovative Kilimanjaro Concept (KC), based on rainwater harvesting (RWH) can remediate seawater intrusion in Unguja, while enabling a universal safe drinking water supply. The reasoning is rooted in the water balance of the whole island. It is shown that if rainwater is systematically harvested, quantitatively stored, and partly infiltrated, seawater intrusion will be reversed, and a universal safe drinking water supply will be secured. Water treatment with affordable technologies (e.g., filtration and adsorption) is suggested. The universality of KC and its suitability for small islands is demonstrated. Future research should focus on pilot testing of this concept on Unguja Island and other island nations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:05:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-01034a3a76e54548a67d57e4601755e9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:05:51Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-01034a3a76e54548a67d57e4601755e92023-11-22T06:20:10ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-07-011315208510.3390/w13152085Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, TanzaniaZuleikha Pembe-Ali0Tulinave Burton Mwamila1Mesia Lufingo2Willis Gwenzi3Janeth Marwa4Mwemezi J. Rwiza5Innocent Lugodisha6Qinwen Qi7Chicgoua Noubactep8Department of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Karume Institute of Science and Technology, Karakana, Zanzibar P.O. Box 476, TanzaniaDepartment of Water Supply and Irrigation Engineering, Water Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35059, TanzaniaFaculty of Science and Technology, Teofilo Kisanji University, Mbeya P.O. Box 1104, TanzaniaBiosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Harare P.O. Box MP167, ZimbabweThe School of Business Studies and Humanities (BuSH), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, TanzaniaDepartment of Water Environmental Science and Engineering (WESE), School of Materials, Energy, Water, and Environmental Science (MEWES), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, TanzaniaDepartment of Water Environmental Science and Engineering (WESE), School of Materials, Energy, Water, and Environmental Science (MEWES), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, TanzaniaSchool of Earth Science and Engineering, College of International Language, Cultures of Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, ChinaDepartment of Water Environmental Science and Engineering (WESE), School of Materials, Energy, Water, and Environmental Science (MEWES), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, TanzaniaThere is escalating salinity levels on small islands due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction. Conventionally, this challenge is addressed by adopting optimal groundwater pumping strategies. Currently, on Unguja Island (Zanzibar), urban freshwater is supplied by desalination, which is expensive and energy-intensive. Hence, desalinization cannot be afforded by rural communities. This study demonstrates that the innovative Kilimanjaro Concept (KC), based on rainwater harvesting (RWH) can remediate seawater intrusion in Unguja, while enabling a universal safe drinking water supply. The reasoning is rooted in the water balance of the whole island. It is shown that if rainwater is systematically harvested, quantitatively stored, and partly infiltrated, seawater intrusion will be reversed, and a universal safe drinking water supply will be secured. Water treatment with affordable technologies (e.g., filtration and adsorption) is suggested. The universality of KC and its suitability for small islands is demonstrated. Future research should focus on pilot testing of this concept on Unguja Island and other island nations.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/15/2085Kilimanjaro conceptrainwater harvestingseawater intrusionsustainable developmentzero-valent ironwater quality |
| spellingShingle | Zuleikha Pembe-Ali Tulinave Burton Mwamila Mesia Lufingo Willis Gwenzi Janeth Marwa Mwemezi J. Rwiza Innocent Lugodisha Qinwen Qi Chicgoua Noubactep Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania Water Kilimanjaro concept rainwater harvesting seawater intrusion sustainable development zero-valent iron water quality |
| title | Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania |
| title_full | Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania |
| title_fullStr | Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania |
| title_short | Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania |
| title_sort | application of the kilimanjaro concept in reversing seawater intrusion and securing water supply in zanzibar tanzania |
| topic | Kilimanjaro concept rainwater harvesting seawater intrusion sustainable development zero-valent iron water quality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/15/2085 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zuleikhapembeali applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT tulinaveburtonmwamila applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT mesialufingo applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT willisgwenzi applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT janethmarwa applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT mwemezijrwiza applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT innocentlugodisha applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT qinwenqi applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania AT chicgouanoubactep applicationofthekilimanjaroconceptinreversingseawaterintrusionandsecuringwatersupplyinzanzibartanzania |