Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium Cities
This study introduces a method that can evaluate the efficiency of leakage management practices and devises a formula to set leakage management goals. To develop the evaluation method for deriving leakage reduction factors, real data from small- and medium-sized cities in South Korea were collected....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/24/12530 |
| _version_ | 1797461665769324544 |
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| author | Young Hwan Choi Taeho Choi Do Guen Yoo Seungyub Lee |
| author_facet | Young Hwan Choi Taeho Choi Do Guen Yoo Seungyub Lee |
| author_sort | Young Hwan Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study introduces a method that can evaluate the efficiency of leakage management practices and devises a formula to set leakage management goals. To develop the evaluation method for deriving leakage reduction factors, real data from small- and medium-sized cities in South Korea were collected. With the data collected, four leakage management factors (or activities) that could improve revenue water ratio or reduce leakage ratio were identified. With the leakage management factors, correlation analysis was carried out to identify the relationship between independent and dependent variables and within independent variables. Once the relationships were identified, standardization of the data using T-score conversion was carried out to scale all data with different units into similar ranges. Finally, the efficiency of leakage management actions was determined by the formulation of leakage using various data analysis approaches using multiple linear regression analysis and deep neural networks. As a result, pipe replacement was determined as an essential activity to decrease the leakage ratio or increase the revenue water ratio. In addition, annual water loss management actions of the small cities were more actively performed. Furthermore, the performance of data analysis using DNN is more appropriate in data classification, considering the characteristics of time series rather than independent data analysis. Through comparison of the above data classification approaches, the increase or decrease in the leakage ratio/revenue water ratio by the water loss management activity of local water distribution systems can be used to construct a more effective model for classification considering both local and temporal characteristics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:22:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0117b34300e045f3aa453dd0334f28af |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:22:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-0117b34300e045f3aa453dd0334f28af2023-11-24T13:00:13ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-12-0112241253010.3390/app122412530Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium CitiesYoung Hwan Choi0Taeho Choi1Do Guen Yoo2Seungyub Lee3Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of KoreaK-water Research Institute, K-water, Daejeon 34045, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong-si 18323, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Republic of KoreaThis study introduces a method that can evaluate the efficiency of leakage management practices and devises a formula to set leakage management goals. To develop the evaluation method for deriving leakage reduction factors, real data from small- and medium-sized cities in South Korea were collected. With the data collected, four leakage management factors (or activities) that could improve revenue water ratio or reduce leakage ratio were identified. With the leakage management factors, correlation analysis was carried out to identify the relationship between independent and dependent variables and within independent variables. Once the relationships were identified, standardization of the data using T-score conversion was carried out to scale all data with different units into similar ranges. Finally, the efficiency of leakage management actions was determined by the formulation of leakage using various data analysis approaches using multiple linear regression analysis and deep neural networks. As a result, pipe replacement was determined as an essential activity to decrease the leakage ratio or increase the revenue water ratio. In addition, annual water loss management actions of the small cities were more actively performed. Furthermore, the performance of data analysis using DNN is more appropriate in data classification, considering the characteristics of time series rather than independent data analysis. Through comparison of the above data classification approaches, the increase or decrease in the leakage ratio/revenue water ratio by the water loss management activity of local water distribution systems can be used to construct a more effective model for classification considering both local and temporal characteristics.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/24/12530water distribution systemleakage managementcorrelation analysisrevenue water ratiomultiple regression analysisdeep neural network |
| spellingShingle | Young Hwan Choi Taeho Choi Do Guen Yoo Seungyub Lee Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium Cities Applied Sciences water distribution system leakage management correlation analysis revenue water ratio multiple regression analysis deep neural network |
| title | Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium Cities |
| title_full | Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium Cities |
| title_fullStr | Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium Cities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium Cities |
| title_short | Development of an Evaluation Method for Deriving the Water Loss Reduction Factors of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Korean Small and Medium Cities |
| title_sort | development of an evaluation method for deriving the water loss reduction factors of water distribution systems a case study in korean small and medium cities |
| topic | water distribution system leakage management correlation analysis revenue water ratio multiple regression analysis deep neural network |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/24/12530 |
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