Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands
COVID-19 control measures have resulted in a decline in invasive bacterial disease caused by <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (IMD), <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (IPD), and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (Hi-D). These species comprise different serogroups and serot...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/5/972 |
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| author | Anneke Steens Mirjam J. Knol Wieke Freudenburg-de Graaf Hester E. de Melker Arie van der Ende Nina M. van Sorge |
| author_facet | Anneke Steens Mirjam J. Knol Wieke Freudenburg-de Graaf Hester E. de Melker Arie van der Ende Nina M. van Sorge |
| author_sort | Anneke Steens |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | COVID-19 control measures have resulted in a decline in invasive bacterial disease caused by <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (IMD), <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (IPD), and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (Hi-D). These species comprise different serogroups and serotypes that impact transmissibility and virulence. We evaluated type- and pathogen-specific changes in invasive bacterial disease epidemiology in the Netherlands during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Cases were based on nationwide surveillance for five bacterial species with either respiratory (IMD, IPD, Hi-D) or non-respiratory (controls) transmission routes and were compared from the pre-COVID period (April 2015–March 2020) to the first COVID-19 year (April 2020–March 2021). IMD, IPD, and Hi-D cases decreased by 78%, 67%, and 35%, respectively, in the first COVID-19 year compared to the pre-COVID period, although effects differed per age group. Serogroup B-IMD declined by 61%, while serogroup W and Y-IMD decreased >90%. IPD caused by serotypes 7F, 15A, 12F, 33F, and 8 showed the most pronounced decline (≥76%). In contrast to an overall decrease in Hi-D cases, vaccine-preventable serotype b (Hib) increased by 51%. COVID-19 control measures had pathogen- and type-specific effects related to invasive infections. Continued surveillance is critical to monitor potential rebound effects once restriction measures are lifted and transmission is resumed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:22:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-013cd365f7004b68b3f586705e4975aa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:22:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-013cd365f7004b68b3f586705e4975aa2023-11-23T12:15:49ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-05-0110597210.3390/microorganisms10050972Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The NetherlandsAnneke Steens0Mirjam J. Knol1Wieke Freudenburg-de Graaf2Hester E. de Melker3Arie van der Ende4Nina M. van Sorge5Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The NetherlandsCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsCOVID-19 control measures have resulted in a decline in invasive bacterial disease caused by <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (IMD), <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (IPD), and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (Hi-D). These species comprise different serogroups and serotypes that impact transmissibility and virulence. We evaluated type- and pathogen-specific changes in invasive bacterial disease epidemiology in the Netherlands during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Cases were based on nationwide surveillance for five bacterial species with either respiratory (IMD, IPD, Hi-D) or non-respiratory (controls) transmission routes and were compared from the pre-COVID period (April 2015–March 2020) to the first COVID-19 year (April 2020–March 2021). IMD, IPD, and Hi-D cases decreased by 78%, 67%, and 35%, respectively, in the first COVID-19 year compared to the pre-COVID period, although effects differed per age group. Serogroup B-IMD declined by 61%, while serogroup W and Y-IMD decreased >90%. IPD caused by serotypes 7F, 15A, 12F, 33F, and 8 showed the most pronounced decline (≥76%). In contrast to an overall decrease in Hi-D cases, vaccine-preventable serotype b (Hib) increased by 51%. COVID-19 control measures had pathogen- and type-specific effects related to invasive infections. Continued surveillance is critical to monitor potential rebound effects once restriction measures are lifted and transmission is resumed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/5/972invasive pneumococcal diseaseinvasive meningococcal disease<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> diseaseserotypeserogroupmolecular epidemiology |
| spellingShingle | Anneke Steens Mirjam J. Knol Wieke Freudenburg-de Graaf Hester E. de Melker Arie van der Ende Nina M. van Sorge Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands Microorganisms invasive pneumococcal disease invasive meningococcal disease <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> disease serotype serogroup molecular epidemiology |
| title | Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands |
| title_full | Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands |
| title_fullStr | Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands |
| title_short | Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands |
| title_sort | pathogen and type specific changes in invasive bacterial disease epidemiology during the first year of the covid 19 pandemic in the netherlands |
| topic | invasive pneumococcal disease invasive meningococcal disease <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> disease serotype serogroup molecular epidemiology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/5/972 |
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