Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of Thailand
<i>Plasmodium knowlesi,</i> a malaria parasite that occurs naturally in long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques, and banded leaf monkeys, is currently regarded as the fifth of the human malaria parasites. We aimed to investigate genetic diversity based on the cytochrome <i>c</...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/12/412 |
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| author | Tanawat Chaiphongpachara Sedthapong Laojun Tanasak Changbunjong Suchada Sumruayphol Nantana Suwandittakul Sakultip Chookaew Yuppayong Atta |
| author_facet | Tanawat Chaiphongpachara Sedthapong Laojun Tanasak Changbunjong Suchada Sumruayphol Nantana Suwandittakul Sakultip Chookaew Yuppayong Atta |
| author_sort | Tanawat Chaiphongpachara |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Plasmodium knowlesi,</i> a malaria parasite that occurs naturally in long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques, and banded leaf monkeys, is currently regarded as the fifth of the human malaria parasites. We aimed to investigate genetic diversity based on the cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>) gene, detect <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites, and screen for the voltage-gated sodium channel (<i>VGSC</i>)-mutation-mediated knockdown resistance (<i>kdr</i>) of <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in Ranong province, which is the most <i>P. knowlesi</i>-endemic area in Thailand. One hundred and fourteen <i>Anopheles</i> females belonging to eight species, including <i>An. baimaii</i> (21.05%), <i>An. minimus</i> s.s. (20.17%), <i>An. epiroticus</i> (19.30%), <i>An. jamesii</i> (19.30%), <i>An. maculatus</i> s.s. (13.16%), <i>An. barbirostris</i> A3 (5.26%), <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> (0.88%), and <i>An. aconitus</i> (0.88%), were caught in three geographical regions of Ranong province. None of the <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes sampled in this study were infected with <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites. Based on the sequence analysis of <i>COI</i> sequences, <i>An. epiroticus</i> had the highest level of nucleotide diversity (0.012), followed by <i>An. minimus</i> (0.011). In contrast, <i>An. maculatus</i> (0.002) had the lowest level of nucleotide diversity. The Fu’s <i>Fs</i> and Tajima’s <i>D</i> values of the <i>Anopheles</i> species in Ranong were all negative, except the Tajima’s <i>D</i> values of <i>An. minimus</i> (0.077). Screening of <i>VGSC</i> sequences showed no presence of the <i>kdr</i> mutation of <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. Our results could be used to further select effective techniques for controlling <i>Anopheles</i> populations in Thailand’s most <i>P. knowlesi</i>-endemic area. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:46:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-013ef41cb1014dcdbeb29a924a83922d |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:46:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| series | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-013ef41cb1014dcdbeb29a924a83922d2023-11-24T18:28:09ZengMDPI AGTropical Medicine and Infectious Disease2414-63662022-12-0171241210.3390/tropicalmed7120412Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of ThailandTanawat Chaiphongpachara0Sedthapong Laojun1Tanasak Changbunjong2Suchada Sumruayphol3Nantana Suwandittakul4Sakultip Chookaew5Yuppayong Atta6Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, ThailandDepartment of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, ThailandDepartment of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandDepartment of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, ThailandVector Borne Disease Control Center 11.5, Ranong 85000, ThailandVector Borne Disease Control Center 11.5, Ranong 85000, Thailand<i>Plasmodium knowlesi,</i> a malaria parasite that occurs naturally in long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques, and banded leaf monkeys, is currently regarded as the fifth of the human malaria parasites. We aimed to investigate genetic diversity based on the cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>) gene, detect <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites, and screen for the voltage-gated sodium channel (<i>VGSC</i>)-mutation-mediated knockdown resistance (<i>kdr</i>) of <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in Ranong province, which is the most <i>P. knowlesi</i>-endemic area in Thailand. One hundred and fourteen <i>Anopheles</i> females belonging to eight species, including <i>An. baimaii</i> (21.05%), <i>An. minimus</i> s.s. (20.17%), <i>An. epiroticus</i> (19.30%), <i>An. jamesii</i> (19.30%), <i>An. maculatus</i> s.s. (13.16%), <i>An. barbirostris</i> A3 (5.26%), <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> (0.88%), and <i>An. aconitus</i> (0.88%), were caught in three geographical regions of Ranong province. None of the <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes sampled in this study were infected with <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites. Based on the sequence analysis of <i>COI</i> sequences, <i>An. epiroticus</i> had the highest level of nucleotide diversity (0.012), followed by <i>An. minimus</i> (0.011). In contrast, <i>An. maculatus</i> (0.002) had the lowest level of nucleotide diversity. The Fu’s <i>Fs</i> and Tajima’s <i>D</i> values of the <i>Anopheles</i> species in Ranong were all negative, except the Tajima’s <i>D</i> values of <i>An. minimus</i> (0.077). Screening of <i>VGSC</i> sequences showed no presence of the <i>kdr</i> mutation of <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. Our results could be used to further select effective techniques for controlling <i>Anopheles</i> populations in Thailand’s most <i>P. knowlesi</i>-endemic area.https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/12/412genetic diversity<i>VGSC</i> mutation-mediated knockdown resistance<i>Anopheles</i>mosquitoes<i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i> |
| spellingShingle | Tanawat Chaiphongpachara Sedthapong Laojun Tanasak Changbunjong Suchada Sumruayphol Nantana Suwandittakul Sakultip Chookaew Yuppayong Atta Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of Thailand Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease genetic diversity <i>VGSC</i> mutation-mediated knockdown resistance <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes <i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i> |
| title | Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of Thailand |
| title_full | Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of Thailand |
| title_short | Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and <em>kdr</em> Mutation of Malaria <em>Anopheles</em> Vectors in the Most <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>-Endemic Area of Thailand |
| title_sort | genetic diversity haplotype relationships and em kdr em mutation of malaria em anopheles em vectors in the most em plasmodium knowlesi em endemic area of thailand |
| topic | genetic diversity <i>VGSC</i> mutation-mediated knockdown resistance <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes <i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/12/412 |
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