Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study
Sex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and m...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Endocrines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/2/2/8 |
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| author | Johanna K. Ihalainen Ida Löfberg Anna Kotkajuuri Heikki Kyröläinen Anthony C. Hackney Ritva S. Taipale-Mikkonen |
| author_facet | Johanna K. Ihalainen Ida Löfberg Anna Kotkajuuri Heikki Kyröläinen Anthony C. Hackney Ritva S. Taipale-Mikkonen |
| author_sort | Johanna K. Ihalainen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 9). In addition, 72-h dietary and training logs were collected in addition to blood samples, which were analyzed for 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), leptin, total ghrelin, insulin, and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Measurements were completed at four time-points (phases): Bleeding, mid-follicular (FP)/active 1, ovulation (OVU)/active 2, mid-luteal (LP)/inactive in NHC/CHC, respectively. As expected, E2 and P4 fluctuated significantly in NHC (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and remained stable in CHC. In NHC, leptin increased significantly between bleeding and ovulation (<i>p</i> = 0.030) as well as between FP and OVU (<i>p</i> = 0.022). No group differences in other measured hormones were observed across the MC and HC cycle. The mean EI and EA were similar between phases, with no significant differences observed in macronutrient intake over either the MC or HC. While the MC phase might have a small, but statistically significant effect on leptin, the findings of the present study suggest that the MC or HC phase does not significantly alter ad libitum EI or EA in recreational athletes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:15:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0152df0782db476ea299ae03ec3e7d8d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-396X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:15:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Endocrines |
| spelling | doaj.art-0152df0782db476ea299ae03ec3e7d8d2023-11-21T15:51:34ZengMDPI AGEndocrines2673-396X2021-04-0122799010.3390/endocrines2020008Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot StudyJohanna K. Ihalainen0Ida Löfberg1Anna Kotkajuuri2Heikki Kyröläinen3Anthony C. Hackney4Ritva S. Taipale-Mikkonen5Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, FinlandFaculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, FinlandFaculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, FinlandFaculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, FinlandDepartment of Exercise & Sport Science–Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USAFaculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, FinlandSex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 9). In addition, 72-h dietary and training logs were collected in addition to blood samples, which were analyzed for 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), leptin, total ghrelin, insulin, and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Measurements were completed at four time-points (phases): Bleeding, mid-follicular (FP)/active 1, ovulation (OVU)/active 2, mid-luteal (LP)/inactive in NHC/CHC, respectively. As expected, E2 and P4 fluctuated significantly in NHC (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and remained stable in CHC. In NHC, leptin increased significantly between bleeding and ovulation (<i>p</i> = 0.030) as well as between FP and OVU (<i>p</i> = 0.022). No group differences in other measured hormones were observed across the MC and HC cycle. The mean EI and EA were similar between phases, with no significant differences observed in macronutrient intake over either the MC or HC. While the MC phase might have a small, but statistically significant effect on leptin, the findings of the present study suggest that the MC or HC phase does not significantly alter ad libitum EI or EA in recreational athletes.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/2/2/8sex hormonesestradiolprogesteroneenergy availabilityleptinghrelin |
| spellingShingle | Johanna K. Ihalainen Ida Löfberg Anna Kotkajuuri Heikki Kyröläinen Anthony C. Hackney Ritva S. Taipale-Mikkonen Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study Endocrines sex hormones estradiol progesterone energy availability leptin ghrelin |
| title | Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study |
| title_full | Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study |
| title_short | Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study |
| title_sort | influence of menstrual cycle or hormonal contraceptive phase on energy intake and metabolic hormones a pilot study |
| topic | sex hormones estradiol progesterone energy availability leptin ghrelin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/2/2/8 |
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