Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions
Information on spatial, temporal, and depth variability of soil salinity at field and landscape scales is important for a variety of agronomic and environment concerns including irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas. However, challenges remain in characterizing and monitoring soil secondary salinit...
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/24/4043 |
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| author | Hongyi Li Xinlu Liu Bifeng Hu Asim Biswas Qingsong Jiang Weiyang Liu Nan Wang Jie Peng |
| author_facet | Hongyi Li Xinlu Liu Bifeng Hu Asim Biswas Qingsong Jiang Weiyang Liu Nan Wang Jie Peng |
| author_sort | Hongyi Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Information on spatial, temporal, and depth variability of soil salinity at field and landscape scales is important for a variety of agronomic and environment concerns including irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas. However, challenges remain in characterizing and monitoring soil secondary salinity as it can largely be impacted by managements including irrigation and mulching in addition to natural factors. The objective of this study is to evaluate apparent electrical conductivity (EC<sub>a</sub>)-directed soil sampling as a basis for monitoring management-induced spatio-temporal change in soil salinity in three dimensions. A field experiment was conducted on an 18-ha saline-sodic field from Alar’s Agricultural Science and Technology Park, China between March, and November 2018. Soil EC<sub>a</sub> was measured using an electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor for four times over the growing season and soil core samples were collected from 18 locations (each time) selected using EMI survey data as a-priori information. A multi-variate regression-based predictive relationship between EC<sub>a</sub> and laboratory-measured electrical conductivity (EC<sub>e</sub>) was used to predict EC with confidence (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> between 0.82 and 0.99). A three-dimensional inverse distance weighing (3D-IDW) interpolation clearly showed a strong variability in space and time and with depths within the study field which were mainly attributed to the human management factors including irrigation, mulching, and uncovering of soils and natural factors including air temperature, evaporation, and groundwater level. This study lays a foundation of characterizing secondary salinity at a field scale for precision and sustainable management of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid areas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:10:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-016be69b0c9a4897b8145ba35807e536 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:10:20Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-016be69b0c9a4897b8145ba35807e5362023-11-21T00:12:47ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922020-12-011224404310.3390/rs12244043Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three DimensionsHongyi Li0Xinlu Liu1Bifeng Hu2Asim Biswas3Qingsong Jiang4Weiyang Liu5Nan Wang6Jie Peng7Department of Land Resource Management, School of Tourism and Urban Management, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, ChinaDepartment of Land Resource Management, School of Tourism and Urban Management, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaCollege of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaCollege of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaCollege of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, ChinaInformation on spatial, temporal, and depth variability of soil salinity at field and landscape scales is important for a variety of agronomic and environment concerns including irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas. However, challenges remain in characterizing and monitoring soil secondary salinity as it can largely be impacted by managements including irrigation and mulching in addition to natural factors. The objective of this study is to evaluate apparent electrical conductivity (EC<sub>a</sub>)-directed soil sampling as a basis for monitoring management-induced spatio-temporal change in soil salinity in three dimensions. A field experiment was conducted on an 18-ha saline-sodic field from Alar’s Agricultural Science and Technology Park, China between March, and November 2018. Soil EC<sub>a</sub> was measured using an electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor for four times over the growing season and soil core samples were collected from 18 locations (each time) selected using EMI survey data as a-priori information. A multi-variate regression-based predictive relationship between EC<sub>a</sub> and laboratory-measured electrical conductivity (EC<sub>e</sub>) was used to predict EC with confidence (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> between 0.82 and 0.99). A three-dimensional inverse distance weighing (3D-IDW) interpolation clearly showed a strong variability in space and time and with depths within the study field which were mainly attributed to the human management factors including irrigation, mulching, and uncovering of soils and natural factors including air temperature, evaporation, and groundwater level. This study lays a foundation of characterizing secondary salinity at a field scale for precision and sustainable management of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid areas.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/24/4043soil profilesoil salinizationspatio-temporal variationelectromagnetic inductionthree-dimension visualization |
| spellingShingle | Hongyi Li Xinlu Liu Bifeng Hu Asim Biswas Qingsong Jiang Weiyang Liu Nan Wang Jie Peng Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions Remote Sensing soil profile soil salinization spatio-temporal variation electromagnetic induction three-dimension visualization |
| title | Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions |
| title_full | Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions |
| title_fullStr | Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions |
| title_short | Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions |
| title_sort | field scale characterization of spatio temporal variability of soil salinity in three dimensions |
| topic | soil profile soil salinization spatio-temporal variation electromagnetic induction three-dimension visualization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/24/4043 |
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