A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design
This paper describes a direct-conversion E-band transmitter (TX) in 65-nm CMOS. To demonstrate the feasibility of E-band 1024-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a 67 to 86 GHz direct-conversion CMOS transmitter with broadband image rejection is presented. The transmitter contains an I (in-phase)...
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| Format: | Article |
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IEEE
2020-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9050491/ |
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| author | Wen-Jie Lin Jeng-Han Tsai Jen-Hao Cheng Wei-Heng Lin Tung-Tsen Chiang Tian-Wei Huang |
| author_facet | Wen-Jie Lin Jeng-Han Tsai Jen-Hao Cheng Wei-Heng Lin Tung-Tsen Chiang Tian-Wei Huang |
| author_sort | Wen-Jie Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper describes a direct-conversion E-band transmitter (TX) in 65-nm CMOS. To demonstrate the feasibility of E-band 1024-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a 67 to 86 GHz direct-conversion CMOS transmitter with broadband image rejection is presented. The transmitter contains an I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature-phase) modulator and a five-stage power amplifier. To achieve a 40 dBc image-rejection ratio (IRR) of the I/Q modulator for E-band, a broadband half-quadrature generator (HQG), which contains a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) based divider, quadrature couplers, and baluns is proposed. For the purpose of minimizing the phase imbalance, phase balance lines are utilized in HQG to achieve a 1-degree phase accuracy under different tuning lines. Subsequently, the reflection can be mitigated by optimizing the impedance matching between the HQG and the mixer core. Meanwhile, because millimeter-wave (MMW) circuits are susceptible to process variations, a process-variation-tolerant design is introduced to mitigate IRR variation, especially under 40 dBc. The transmitter demonstrates a measured flat conversion gain (CG) of 23±2 dB from 56 to 86 GHz. The proposed TX achieves an IRR better than 40 dBc from 67 to 86 GHz (bandwidth of 19 GHz) with a peak IRR of 56.2 dBc at 70 GHz. Furthermore, the proposed TX has exhibited a 6 bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency with 1024-QAM under the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation format. The 1.129 mm<sup>2</sup>~E-band TX achieves a measured output power of 6.5 dBm with a total dc power consumption of 164 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T00:39:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0174c850e8f644c9800f69c60de3ec9c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T00:39:47Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-0174c850e8f644c9800f69c60de3ec9c2022-12-21T21:26:56ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362020-01-018744587447110.1109/ACCESS.2020.29839139050491A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant DesignWen-Jie Lin0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-129XJeng-Han Tsai1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8324-7249Jen-Hao Cheng2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-2185Wei-Heng Lin3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-0924Tung-Tsen Chiang4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1366-5135Tian-Wei Huang5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-5965Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, TaiwanMediaTek, Hsinchu, TaiwanTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), Hsinchu, TaiwanMediaTek, Hsinchu, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanThis paper describes a direct-conversion E-band transmitter (TX) in 65-nm CMOS. To demonstrate the feasibility of E-band 1024-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a 67 to 86 GHz direct-conversion CMOS transmitter with broadband image rejection is presented. The transmitter contains an I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature-phase) modulator and a five-stage power amplifier. To achieve a 40 dBc image-rejection ratio (IRR) of the I/Q modulator for E-band, a broadband half-quadrature generator (HQG), which contains a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) based divider, quadrature couplers, and baluns is proposed. For the purpose of minimizing the phase imbalance, phase balance lines are utilized in HQG to achieve a 1-degree phase accuracy under different tuning lines. Subsequently, the reflection can be mitigated by optimizing the impedance matching between the HQG and the mixer core. Meanwhile, because millimeter-wave (MMW) circuits are susceptible to process variations, a process-variation-tolerant design is introduced to mitigate IRR variation, especially under 40 dBc. The transmitter demonstrates a measured flat conversion gain (CG) of 23±2 dB from 56 to 86 GHz. The proposed TX achieves an IRR better than 40 dBc from 67 to 86 GHz (bandwidth of 19 GHz) with a peak IRR of 56.2 dBc at 70 GHz. Furthermore, the proposed TX has exhibited a 6 bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency with 1024-QAM under the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation format. The 1.129 mm<sup>2</sup>~E-band TX achieves a measured output power of 6.5 dBm with a total dc power consumption of 164 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9050491/CMOS<italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">E</italic>-bandhalf-quadrature generator (HQG)image-rejection ratio (IRR)millimeter-wave (MMW) integrated circuitprocess-variation-tolerant design |
| spellingShingle | Wen-Jie Lin Jeng-Han Tsai Jen-Hao Cheng Wei-Heng Lin Tung-Tsen Chiang Tian-Wei Huang A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design IEEE Access CMOS <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">E</italic>-band half-quadrature generator (HQG) image-rejection ratio (IRR) millimeter-wave (MMW) integrated circuit process-variation-tolerant design |
| title | A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design |
| title_full | A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design |
| title_fullStr | A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design |
| title_full_unstemmed | A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design |
| title_short | A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design |
| title_sort | 67 86 ghz spectrum efficient cmos transmitter supporting 1024 qam with a process variation tolerant design |
| topic | CMOS <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">E</italic>-band half-quadrature generator (HQG) image-rejection ratio (IRR) millimeter-wave (MMW) integrated circuit process-variation-tolerant design |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9050491/ |
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