Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques
The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. This review presents the development and the current state of alcohol intox...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6819 |
| _version_ | 1797482578218844160 |
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| author | Szymon Paprocki Meha Qassem Panicos A Kyriacou |
| author_facet | Szymon Paprocki Meha Qassem Panicos A Kyriacou |
| author_sort | Szymon Paprocki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. This review presents the development and the current state of alcohol intoxication quantifying devices and techniques, separated into six major categories: estimates, breath alcohol devices, bodily fluid testing, transdermal sensors, mathematical algorithms, and optical techniques. Each of these categories was researched by analyzing their respective performances and drawbacks. We found that the major developments in monitoring ethanol intoxication levels aim at noninvasive transdermal/optical methods for personal monitoring. Many of the “categories” of ethanol intoxication systems overlap with each other with to a varying extent, hence the division of categories is based only on the principal operation of the techniques described in this review. In summary, the gold-standard method for measuring blood ethanol levels is through gas chromatography. Early estimation methods based on mathematical equations are largely popular in forensic fields. Breath alcohol devices are the most common type of alcohol sensors on the market and are generally implemented in law enforcement. Transdermal sensors vary largely in their sensing methodologies, but they mostly follow the principle of electrical sensing or enzymatic reaction rate. Optical devices and methodologies perform well, with some cases outperforming breath alcohol devices in terms of the precision of measurement. Other estimation algorithms consider multimodal approaches and should not be considered alcohol sensing devices, but rather as prospective measurement of the intoxication influence. This review found 38 unique technologies and techniques for measuring alcohol intoxication, which is testament to the acute interest in the innovation of noninvasive technologies for assessing intoxication. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:34:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-019148ab5f094d8a9dffcabb97a37095 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:34:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-019148ab5f094d8a9dffcabb97a370952023-11-23T18:49:47ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-09-012218681910.3390/s22186819Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and TechniquesSzymon Paprocki0Meha Qassem1Panicos A Kyriacou2Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKResearch Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKResearch Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKThe field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. This review presents the development and the current state of alcohol intoxication quantifying devices and techniques, separated into six major categories: estimates, breath alcohol devices, bodily fluid testing, transdermal sensors, mathematical algorithms, and optical techniques. Each of these categories was researched by analyzing their respective performances and drawbacks. We found that the major developments in monitoring ethanol intoxication levels aim at noninvasive transdermal/optical methods for personal monitoring. Many of the “categories” of ethanol intoxication systems overlap with each other with to a varying extent, hence the division of categories is based only on the principal operation of the techniques described in this review. In summary, the gold-standard method for measuring blood ethanol levels is through gas chromatography. Early estimation methods based on mathematical equations are largely popular in forensic fields. Breath alcohol devices are the most common type of alcohol sensors on the market and are generally implemented in law enforcement. Transdermal sensors vary largely in their sensing methodologies, but they mostly follow the principle of electrical sensing or enzymatic reaction rate. Optical devices and methodologies perform well, with some cases outperforming breath alcohol devices in terms of the precision of measurement. Other estimation algorithms consider multimodal approaches and should not be considered alcohol sensing devices, but rather as prospective measurement of the intoxication influence. This review found 38 unique technologies and techniques for measuring alcohol intoxication, which is testament to the acute interest in the innovation of noninvasive technologies for assessing intoxication.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6819ethanolintoxicationsensorsdevicesalgorithms |
| spellingShingle | Szymon Paprocki Meha Qassem Panicos A Kyriacou Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques Sensors ethanol intoxication sensors devices algorithms |
| title | Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques |
| title_full | Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques |
| title_fullStr | Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques |
| title_short | Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques |
| title_sort | review of ethanol intoxication sensing technologies and techniques |
| topic | ethanol intoxication sensors devices algorithms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6819 |
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