Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices
Red Sea coastal development has rapidly accelerated in recent decades that has led to a rise in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in sediments. A total of 80 surficial sediment samples were collected from the shallow waters along the eastern Red Sea coast near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. These samples...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/5/614 |
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| author | Riyadh F. Halawani Myra E. Wilson Kenneth M. Hamilton Fahed A. Aloufi Md. Abu Taleb Aaid G. Al-Zubieri Andrew N. Quicksall |
| author_facet | Riyadh F. Halawani Myra E. Wilson Kenneth M. Hamilton Fahed A. Aloufi Md. Abu Taleb Aaid G. Al-Zubieri Andrew N. Quicksall |
| author_sort | Riyadh F. Halawani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Red Sea coastal development has rapidly accelerated in recent decades that has led to a rise in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in sediments. A total of 80 surficial sediment samples were collected from the shallow waters along the eastern Red Sea coast near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. These samples were collected from three locations, designated as North, Middle and South of Jeddah, to assess the concentrations of six heavy metals: chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). The results showed that the concentrations (mg/kg) of these metals in the studied sediments follow this order: Pb (77.34 ± 150.59) > Mn (36.52 ± 37.72) > Zn (18.02 ± 23.94) > Cr (9.56 ± 5.81) > Cu (9.18 ± 13.67) > Ni (3.68 ± 4.54). The majority of the polluted sediments were recorded in the Middle and South locations. Pollution and enrichment indices such as Geo-accumulation indices (Igeo), Enrichment Factors (E<sub>f</sub>), Contamination Factors (C<sub>f</sub>), Pollution Load Indices (PLI), Potential Ecological Risk Indices (PERI) and Potential Toxicity Response Indices (RI) were calculated from the measured metals to establish baselines for the region and assess specific metal enrichments by location along the Jeddah coastline. The Igeo values showed that 30% of the Southern location stations are considered moderately to highly polluted. The Ef for all the studied sediments followed this order: Pb (extremely severe enrichment) > Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr (severe enrichment) > Ni (moderate enrichment). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:38:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-019447a5918f4b5ab0ea9130dde05efd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:38:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-019447a5918f4b5ab0ea9130dde05efd2023-11-23T11:39:16ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122022-04-0110561410.3390/jmse10050614Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk IndicesRiyadh F. Halawani0Myra E. Wilson1Kenneth M. Hamilton2Fahed A. Aloufi3Md. Abu Taleb4Aaid G. Al-Zubieri5Andrew N. Quicksall6Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaCivil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USACivil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USADepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaMarine Geology Department, Faculty of Marine Scienc, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaCivil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USARed Sea coastal development has rapidly accelerated in recent decades that has led to a rise in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in sediments. A total of 80 surficial sediment samples were collected from the shallow waters along the eastern Red Sea coast near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. These samples were collected from three locations, designated as North, Middle and South of Jeddah, to assess the concentrations of six heavy metals: chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). The results showed that the concentrations (mg/kg) of these metals in the studied sediments follow this order: Pb (77.34 ± 150.59) > Mn (36.52 ± 37.72) > Zn (18.02 ± 23.94) > Cr (9.56 ± 5.81) > Cu (9.18 ± 13.67) > Ni (3.68 ± 4.54). The majority of the polluted sediments were recorded in the Middle and South locations. Pollution and enrichment indices such as Geo-accumulation indices (Igeo), Enrichment Factors (E<sub>f</sub>), Contamination Factors (C<sub>f</sub>), Pollution Load Indices (PLI), Potential Ecological Risk Indices (PERI) and Potential Toxicity Response Indices (RI) were calculated from the measured metals to establish baselines for the region and assess specific metal enrichments by location along the Jeddah coastline. The Igeo values showed that 30% of the Southern location stations are considered moderately to highly polluted. The Ef for all the studied sediments followed this order: Pb (extremely severe enrichment) > Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr (severe enrichment) > Ni (moderate enrichment).https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/5/614JeddahRed Seaheavy metalssedimentsrisk indices |
| spellingShingle | Riyadh F. Halawani Myra E. Wilson Kenneth M. Hamilton Fahed A. Aloufi Md. Abu Taleb Aaid G. Al-Zubieri Andrew N. Quicksall Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Jeddah Red Sea heavy metals sediments risk indices |
| title | Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices |
| title_full | Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices |
| title_fullStr | Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices |
| title_short | Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices |
| title_sort | spatial distribution of heavy metals in near shore marine sediments of the jeddah saudi arabia region enrichment and associated risk indices |
| topic | Jeddah Red Sea heavy metals sediments risk indices |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/5/614 |
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