Bioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone Exoplanets
Molecular oxygen is a strong indicator of life on Earth and may indicate biological processes on exoplanets too. Recent studies proposed that Earth-like O _2 levels might be detectable on nearby exoplanets using high-resolution spectrographs on future extremely large telescopes (ELTs). However, thes...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astronomical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd1ec |
| _version_ | 1827827020191498240 |
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| author | Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman Dániel Apai Galen J. Bergsten Ilaria Pascucci Mercedes López-Morales |
| author_facet | Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman Dániel Apai Galen J. Bergsten Ilaria Pascucci Mercedes López-Morales |
| author_sort | Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Molecular oxygen is a strong indicator of life on Earth and may indicate biological processes on exoplanets too. Recent studies proposed that Earth-like O _2 levels might be detectable on nearby exoplanets using high-resolution spectrographs on future extremely large telescopes (ELTs). However, these studies did not consider constraints like relative velocities, planet occurrence rates, and target observability. We expanded on past studies by creating a homogeneous catalog of 286,391 main-sequence stars within 120 pc using Gaia DR3 and used the Bioverse framework to simulate the likelihood of finding nearby transiting Earth analogs. We also simulated a survey of M dwarfs within 20 pc accounting for η _⊕ estimates, transit probabilities, relative velocities, and target observability to determine how long ELTs and theoretical 50–100 m ground-based telescopes need to observe to probe for Earth-like O _2 levels with an R = 100,000 spectrograph. This would only be possible within 50 yr for up to ∼21% of nearby M-dwarf systems if a suitable transiting habitable-zone Earth analog was discovered, assuming signals from every observable partial transit from each ELT can be combined. If so, Earth-like O _2 levels could be detectable on TRAPPIST-1 d–g within 16–55 yr, respectively, and about half that time with an R = 500,000 spectrograph. These results have important implications for whether ELTs can survey nearby habitable-zone Earth analogs for O _2 via transmission spectroscopy. Our work provides the most comprehensive assessment to date of the ground-based capabilities to search for life beyond the solar system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:20:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-01a60d99483548b992d33d1a36920286 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:20:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-01a60d99483548b992d33d1a369202862023-09-03T13:59:45ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812023-01-01165626710.3847/1538-3881/acd1ecBioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone ExoplanetsKevin K. Hardegree-Ullman0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3702-0382Dániel Apai1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3714-5855Galen J. Bergsten2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4500-8850Ilaria Pascucci3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7962-1683Mercedes López-Morales4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-8183Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA ; kevinkhu@arizona.eduSteward Observatory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA ; kevinkhu@arizona.edu; Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMolecular oxygen is a strong indicator of life on Earth and may indicate biological processes on exoplanets too. Recent studies proposed that Earth-like O _2 levels might be detectable on nearby exoplanets using high-resolution spectrographs on future extremely large telescopes (ELTs). However, these studies did not consider constraints like relative velocities, planet occurrence rates, and target observability. We expanded on past studies by creating a homogeneous catalog of 286,391 main-sequence stars within 120 pc using Gaia DR3 and used the Bioverse framework to simulate the likelihood of finding nearby transiting Earth analogs. We also simulated a survey of M dwarfs within 20 pc accounting for η _⊕ estimates, transit probabilities, relative velocities, and target observability to determine how long ELTs and theoretical 50–100 m ground-based telescopes need to observe to probe for Earth-like O _2 levels with an R = 100,000 spectrograph. This would only be possible within 50 yr for up to ∼21% of nearby M-dwarf systems if a suitable transiting habitable-zone Earth analog was discovered, assuming signals from every observable partial transit from each ELT can be combined. If so, Earth-like O _2 levels could be detectable on TRAPPIST-1 d–g within 16–55 yr, respectively, and about half that time with an R = 500,000 spectrograph. These results have important implications for whether ELTs can survey nearby habitable-zone Earth analogs for O _2 via transmission spectroscopy. Our work provides the most comprehensive assessment to date of the ground-based capabilities to search for life beyond the solar system.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd1ecFundamental parameters of starsExoplanet systemsExoplanetsExoplanet atmospheresBiosignatures |
| spellingShingle | Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman Dániel Apai Galen J. Bergsten Ilaria Pascucci Mercedes López-Morales Bioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone Exoplanets The Astronomical Journal Fundamental parameters of stars Exoplanet systems Exoplanets Exoplanet atmospheres Biosignatures |
| title | Bioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone Exoplanets |
| title_full | Bioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone Exoplanets |
| title_fullStr | Bioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone Exoplanets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone Exoplanets |
| title_short | Bioverse: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Capabilities of Extremely Large Telescopes to Probe Earth-like O2 Levels in Nearby Transiting Habitable-zone Exoplanets |
| title_sort | bioverse a comprehensive assessment of the capabilities of extremely large telescopes to probe earth like o2 levels in nearby transiting habitable zone exoplanets |
| topic | Fundamental parameters of stars Exoplanet systems Exoplanets Exoplanet atmospheres Biosignatures |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd1ec |
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