Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate Modelling
We revisit the fundamental principles of thermodynamic equilibrium in relation to heat transfer processes within the Earth’s atmosphere. A knowledge of equilibrium states at ambient temperatures (T) and pressures (p) and deviations for these p-T states due to various transport ‘forces’ and flux even...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Entropy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/459 |
| _version_ | 1797446533323423744 |
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| author | Leslie V. Woodcock |
| author_facet | Leslie V. Woodcock |
| author_sort | Leslie V. Woodcock |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We revisit the fundamental principles of thermodynamic equilibrium in relation to heat transfer processes within the Earth’s atmosphere. A knowledge of equilibrium states at ambient temperatures (T) and pressures (p) and deviations for these p-T states due to various transport ‘forces’ and flux events give rise to gradients (dT/dz) and (dp/dz) of height z throughout the atmosphere. Fluctuations about these troposphere averages determine weather and climates. Concentric and time-span average values <T> (z, Δt)) and its gradients known as the lapse rate = d < T(z) >/dz have hitherto been assumed in climate models to be determined by a closed, reversible, and adiabatic expansion process against the constant gravitational force of acceleration (g). Thermodynamics tells us nothing about the process mechanisms, but adiabatic-expansion hypothesis is deemed in climate computer models to be convection rather than conduction or radiation. This prevailing climate modelling hypothesis violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics. This idealized hypothetical process cannot be the causal explanation of the experimentally observed mean lapse rate (approx.−6.5 K/km) in the troposphere. Rather, the troposphere lapse rate is primarily determined by the radiation heat-transfer processes between black-body or IR emissivity and IR and sunlight absorption. When the effect of transducer gases (H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>) is added to the Earth’s emission radiation balance in a 1D-2level primitive model, a linear lapse rate is obtained. This rigorous result for a perturbing cooling effect of transducer (‘greenhouse’) gases on an otherwise sunlight-transducer gas-free troposphere has profound implications. One corollary is the conclusion that increasing the concentration of an existing weak transducer, i.e., CO<sub>2</sub>, could only have a net cooling effect, if any, on the concentric average <T> (z = 0) at sea level and lower troposphere (z < 1 km). A more plausible explanation of global warming is the enthalpy emission ’footprint’ of all fuels, including nuclear. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:41:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-01b8a4891860451f874f0cfa77b343c3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1099-4300 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:41:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Entropy |
| spelling | doaj.art-01b8a4891860451f874f0cfa77b343c32023-11-30T21:05:01ZengMDPI AGEntropy1099-43002022-03-0124445910.3390/e24040459Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate ModellingLeslie V. Woodcock0Department of Physics, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, PortugalWe revisit the fundamental principles of thermodynamic equilibrium in relation to heat transfer processes within the Earth’s atmosphere. A knowledge of equilibrium states at ambient temperatures (T) and pressures (p) and deviations for these p-T states due to various transport ‘forces’ and flux events give rise to gradients (dT/dz) and (dp/dz) of height z throughout the atmosphere. Fluctuations about these troposphere averages determine weather and climates. Concentric and time-span average values <T> (z, Δt)) and its gradients known as the lapse rate = d < T(z) >/dz have hitherto been assumed in climate models to be determined by a closed, reversible, and adiabatic expansion process against the constant gravitational force of acceleration (g). Thermodynamics tells us nothing about the process mechanisms, but adiabatic-expansion hypothesis is deemed in climate computer models to be convection rather than conduction or radiation. This prevailing climate modelling hypothesis violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics. This idealized hypothetical process cannot be the causal explanation of the experimentally observed mean lapse rate (approx.−6.5 K/km) in the troposphere. Rather, the troposphere lapse rate is primarily determined by the radiation heat-transfer processes between black-body or IR emissivity and IR and sunlight absorption. When the effect of transducer gases (H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>) is added to the Earth’s emission radiation balance in a 1D-2level primitive model, a linear lapse rate is obtained. This rigorous result for a perturbing cooling effect of transducer (‘greenhouse’) gases on an otherwise sunlight-transducer gas-free troposphere has profound implications. One corollary is the conclusion that increasing the concentration of an existing weak transducer, i.e., CO<sub>2</sub>, could only have a net cooling effect, if any, on the concentric average <T> (z = 0) at sea level and lower troposphere (z < 1 km). A more plausible explanation of global warming is the enthalpy emission ’footprint’ of all fuels, including nuclear.https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/459climate modellingthermal equilibriumatmospheric thermodynamicsadiabatic expansionlapse ratetroposphere |
| spellingShingle | Leslie V. Woodcock Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate Modelling Entropy climate modelling thermal equilibrium atmospheric thermodynamics adiabatic expansion lapse rate troposphere |
| title | Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate Modelling |
| title_full | Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate Modelling |
| title_fullStr | Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate Modelling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate Modelling |
| title_short | Disquisitions Relating to Principles of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Climate Modelling |
| title_sort | disquisitions relating to principles of thermodynamic equilibrium in climate modelling |
| topic | climate modelling thermal equilibrium atmospheric thermodynamics adiabatic expansion lapse rate troposphere |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/4/459 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leslievwoodcock disquisitionsrelatingtoprinciplesofthermodynamicequilibriuminclimatemodelling |