Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders
Abstract Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining traction but raises worker health concerns due to micron‐sized powders, including fine inhalable particles. This study explored particle and surface characteristics, electrochemical properties, metal release in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley-VCH
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Nano Select |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/nano.202300188 |
| _version_ | 1797217414997344256 |
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| author | Andi Alijagic Xuying Wang Naga Vera Srikanth Vallabani Pelle Melin Eva Särndahl Hanna L. Karlsson Inger Odnevall |
| author_facet | Andi Alijagic Xuying Wang Naga Vera Srikanth Vallabani Pelle Melin Eva Särndahl Hanna L. Karlsson Inger Odnevall |
| author_sort | Andi Alijagic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining traction but raises worker health concerns due to micron‐sized powders, including fine inhalable particles. This study explored particle and surface characteristics, electrochemical properties, metal release in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), and potential toxicity of virgin and sieved virgin Fe‐based powders, stainless steel (316L), Fe, and two tooling steels. Virgin particles ranged in size from 1 to 100 µm, while sieved particles were within the respirable size range (<5–10 µm). Surface oxide composition differed from bulk composition. The Fe powder showed low corrosion resistance and high metal release due to a lack of protective surface oxide. Sieved particles of 316L, Fe, and one tooling steel released more metals into ALF than virgin particles, with the opposite was observed for the other tooling steel. Sieved particles had no notable impact on cell viability or micronuclei formation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammatory response in human macrophages was generally low, except for the Fe powder and one tooling steel, which induced increased interleukin‐8 (IL‐8/CXCL‐8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1/CCL‐2) secretion. This study underscores distinctions between virgin and sieved Fe‐based powders and suggests relatively low acute toxicity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T12:01:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-02030508a0c74f0f847c1cfbd7601f8f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2688-4011 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T12:01:29Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nano Select |
| spelling | doaj.art-02030508a0c74f0f847c1cfbd7601f8f2024-04-08T19:50:45ZengWiley-VCHNano Select2688-40112024-04-0154n/an/a10.1002/nano.202300188Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powdersAndi Alijagic0Xuying Wang1Naga Vera Srikanth Vallabani2Pelle Melin3Eva Särndahl4Hanna L. Karlsson5Inger Odnevall6School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Örebro University Örebro SwedenKTH Royal Institute of Technology Division of Surface and Corrosion Science Stockholm SwedenInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm SwedenSwerim Kista SwedenSchool of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Örebro University Örebro SwedenInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm SwedenKTH Royal Institute of Technology Division of Surface and Corrosion Science Stockholm SwedenAbstract Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining traction but raises worker health concerns due to micron‐sized powders, including fine inhalable particles. This study explored particle and surface characteristics, electrochemical properties, metal release in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), and potential toxicity of virgin and sieved virgin Fe‐based powders, stainless steel (316L), Fe, and two tooling steels. Virgin particles ranged in size from 1 to 100 µm, while sieved particles were within the respirable size range (<5–10 µm). Surface oxide composition differed from bulk composition. The Fe powder showed low corrosion resistance and high metal release due to a lack of protective surface oxide. Sieved particles of 316L, Fe, and one tooling steel released more metals into ALF than virgin particles, with the opposite was observed for the other tooling steel. Sieved particles had no notable impact on cell viability or micronuclei formation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammatory response in human macrophages was generally low, except for the Fe powder and one tooling steel, which induced increased interleukin‐8 (IL‐8/CXCL‐8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1/CCL‐2) secretion. This study underscores distinctions between virgin and sieved Fe‐based powders and suggests relatively low acute toxicity.https://doi.org/10.1002/nano.202300188AM manufacturingexposuregenotoxicityinflammationinhalable metallic powdersparticle dissolution |
| spellingShingle | Andi Alijagic Xuying Wang Naga Vera Srikanth Vallabani Pelle Melin Eva Särndahl Hanna L. Karlsson Inger Odnevall Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders Nano Select AM manufacturing exposure genotoxicity inflammation inhalable metallic powders particle dissolution |
| title | Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders |
| title_full | Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders |
| title_fullStr | Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders |
| title_short | Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders |
| title_sort | characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders |
| topic | AM manufacturing exposure genotoxicity inflammation inhalable metallic powders particle dissolution |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/nano.202300188 |
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