Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>)
Modulation of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion across postnatal development in higher primates is not fully understood. While gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is reported to suppress reproductive axis activity in birds and rodents, little is known about the development...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/24/3533 |
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| author | Hira Zubair Muhammad Saqib Muhammad Noman Khan Shazia Shamas Shahzad Irfan Muhammad Shahab |
| author_facet | Hira Zubair Muhammad Saqib Muhammad Noman Khan Shazia Shamas Shahzad Irfan Muhammad Shahab |
| author_sort | Hira Zubair |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Modulation of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion across postnatal development in higher primates is not fully understood. While gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is reported to suppress reproductive axis activity in birds and rodents, little is known about the developmental trajectory of GnIH expression in rhesus monkeys throughout the pubertal transition. This study was aimed at examining the variation in GnIH immunoreactivity (-ir) and associated changes among GnIH, GnRH, and Kiss1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of infant, juvenile, prepubertal, and adult male rhesus monkeys. The brains from rhesus macaques were collected from infancy until adulthood and were examined using immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. The mean GnIH-ir was found to be significantly higher in prepubertal animals (<i>p</i> < 0.01) compared to infants, and significantly reduced in adults (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.001) GnRH and Kiss1 mRNA expression was noted in adults while <i>GnIH</i> mRNA expression was the highest at the prepubertal stage (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Significant negative correlations were seen between <i>GnIH</i>-<i>GnRH</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and <i>GnIH</i>-<i>Kiss1</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.001) expression. Our findings suggest a role for GnIH in the prepubertal suppression of the reproductive axis, with disinhibition of the adult reproductive axis occurring through decreases in GnIH. This pattern of expression suggests that GnIH may be a viable target for the development of novel therapeutics and contraceptives for humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:24:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-022336abc99f417193c4465be97fca51 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:24:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-022336abc99f417193c4465be97fca512023-11-24T12:51:24ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152022-12-011224353310.3390/ani12243533Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>)Hira Zubair0Muhammad Saqib1Muhammad Noman Khan2Shazia Shamas3Shahzad Irfan4Muhammad Shahab5Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanLaboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanLaboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Zoology, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi 46300, PakistanDepartment of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanLaboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanModulation of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion across postnatal development in higher primates is not fully understood. While gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is reported to suppress reproductive axis activity in birds and rodents, little is known about the developmental trajectory of GnIH expression in rhesus monkeys throughout the pubertal transition. This study was aimed at examining the variation in GnIH immunoreactivity (-ir) and associated changes among GnIH, GnRH, and Kiss1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of infant, juvenile, prepubertal, and adult male rhesus monkeys. The brains from rhesus macaques were collected from infancy until adulthood and were examined using immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. The mean GnIH-ir was found to be significantly higher in prepubertal animals (<i>p</i> < 0.01) compared to infants, and significantly reduced in adults (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.001) GnRH and Kiss1 mRNA expression was noted in adults while <i>GnIH</i> mRNA expression was the highest at the prepubertal stage (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Significant negative correlations were seen between <i>GnIH</i>-<i>GnRH</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and <i>GnIH</i>-<i>Kiss1</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.001) expression. Our findings suggest a role for GnIH in the prepubertal suppression of the reproductive axis, with disinhibition of the adult reproductive axis occurring through decreases in GnIH. This pattern of expression suggests that GnIH may be a viable target for the development of novel therapeutics and contraceptives for humans.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/24/3533GnIHGnRHKisspeptin pubertyrhesus macaque |
| spellingShingle | Hira Zubair Muhammad Saqib Muhammad Noman Khan Shazia Shamas Shahzad Irfan Muhammad Shahab Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) Animals GnIH GnRH Kisspeptin puberty rhesus macaque |
| title | Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) |
| title_full | Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) |
| title_short | Variation in Hypothalamic GnIH Expression and Its Association with <i>GnRH</i> and <i>Kiss1</i> during Pubertal Progression in Male Rhesus Monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) |
| title_sort | variation in hypothalamic gnih expression and its association with i gnrh i and i kiss1 i during pubertal progression in male rhesus monkeys i macaca mulatta i |
| topic | GnIH GnRH Kisspeptin puberty rhesus macaque |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/24/3533 |
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