<i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses
<i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i> (red ginger) is widely used in traditional medicine in Asia. Unlike other gingers, it is not used as a spice in cuisines. To date, a total of 169 chemical constituents have been reported from red ginger. The constituents include v...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/775 |
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| author | Shiming Zhang Xuefang Kou Hui Zhao Kit-Kay Mak Madhu Katyayani Balijepalli Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika |
| author_facet | Shiming Zhang Xuefang Kou Hui Zhao Kit-Kay Mak Madhu Katyayani Balijepalli Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika |
| author_sort | Shiming Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i> (red ginger) is widely used in traditional medicine in Asia. Unlike other gingers, it is not used as a spice in cuisines. To date, a total of 169 chemical constituents have been reported from red ginger. The constituents include vanilloids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. Red ginger has many therapeutic roles in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, vomiting, rubella, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, growth disorders, and cancer. Scientific evidence suggests that red ginger exhibits immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperuricemic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. These biological activities are the underlying causes of red ginger’s therapeutic benefits. In addition, there have been few reports on adverse side effects of red ginger. This review aims to provide insights in terms the bioactive constituents and their biosynthesis, biological activities, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of red ginger. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:28:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-02352fa95dad49bf8f33570cb31a98eb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:28:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-02352fa95dad49bf8f33570cb31a98eb2023-11-23T17:12:17ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-01-0127377510.3390/molecules27030775<i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal UsesShiming Zhang0Xuefang Kou1Hui Zhao2Kit-Kay Mak3Madhu Katyayani Balijepalli4Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika5School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaExperimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, ChinaSchool of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, MalaysiaPharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia<i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i> (red ginger) is widely used in traditional medicine in Asia. Unlike other gingers, it is not used as a spice in cuisines. To date, a total of 169 chemical constituents have been reported from red ginger. The constituents include vanilloids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. Red ginger has many therapeutic roles in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, vomiting, rubella, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, growth disorders, and cancer. Scientific evidence suggests that red ginger exhibits immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperuricemic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. These biological activities are the underlying causes of red ginger’s therapeutic benefits. In addition, there have been few reports on adverse side effects of red ginger. This review aims to provide insights in terms the bioactive constituents and their biosynthesis, biological activities, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of red ginger.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/775<i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>red gingerbioactive constituentsbiosynthesisbiological activitiesmolecular mechanisms |
| spellingShingle | Shiming Zhang Xuefang Kou Hui Zhao Kit-Kay Mak Madhu Katyayani Balijepalli Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses Molecules <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i> red ginger bioactive constituents biosynthesis biological activities molecular mechanisms |
| title | <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses |
| title_full | <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses |
| title_fullStr | <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses |
| title_short | <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i>: Red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses |
| title_sort | i zingiber officinale i var i rubrum i red ginger s medicinal uses |
| topic | <i>Zingiber officinale</i> var. <i>rubrum</i> red ginger bioactive constituents biosynthesis biological activities molecular mechanisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/775 |
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