Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth
Dinoflagellates are a major aquatic protist group with amphiesma, multiple cortical membranous “cell wall” layers that contain large circum-cortical alveolar sacs (AVs). AVs undergo extensive remodeling during cell- and life-cycle transitions, including ecdysal cysts (ECs) and resting cysts that are...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/2/70 |
| _version_ | 1827756615382597632 |
|---|---|
| author | Alvin Chun Man Kwok Wai Sun Chan Joseph Tin Yum Wong |
| author_facet | Alvin Chun Man Kwok Wai Sun Chan Joseph Tin Yum Wong |
| author_sort | Alvin Chun Man Kwok |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dinoflagellates are a major aquatic protist group with amphiesma, multiple cortical membranous “cell wall” layers that contain large circum-cortical alveolar sacs (AVs). AVs undergo extensive remodeling during cell- and life-cycle transitions, including ecdysal cysts (ECs) and resting cysts that are important in some harmful algal bloom initiation–termination. AVs are large cortical vesicular compartments, within which are elaborate cellulosic thecal plates (CTPs), in thecate species, and the pellicular layer (PL). AV-CTPs provide cellular mechanical protection and are targets of vesicular transport that are replaced during EC-swarmer cell transition, or with increased deposition during the cellular growth cycle. AV-PL exhibits dynamical-replacement with vesicular trafficking that are orchestrated with amphiesmal chlortetracycline-labeled Ca<sup>2+</sup> stores signaling, integrating cellular growth with different modes of cell division cycle/progression. We reviewed the dynamics of amphiesma during different cell division cycle modes and life cycle stages, and its multifaceted regulations, focusing on the regulatory and functional readouts, including the coral–zooxanthellae interactions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:31:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0251b78982f945a4bb7849699dd85ec7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:31:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-0251b78982f945a4bb7849699dd85ec72023-11-16T21:47:24ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972023-01-012127010.3390/md21020070Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular GrowthAlvin Chun Man Kwok0Wai Sun Chan1Joseph Tin Yum Wong2Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, ChinaDivision of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, ChinaDivision of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, ChinaDinoflagellates are a major aquatic protist group with amphiesma, multiple cortical membranous “cell wall” layers that contain large circum-cortical alveolar sacs (AVs). AVs undergo extensive remodeling during cell- and life-cycle transitions, including ecdysal cysts (ECs) and resting cysts that are important in some harmful algal bloom initiation–termination. AVs are large cortical vesicular compartments, within which are elaborate cellulosic thecal plates (CTPs), in thecate species, and the pellicular layer (PL). AV-CTPs provide cellular mechanical protection and are targets of vesicular transport that are replaced during EC-swarmer cell transition, or with increased deposition during the cellular growth cycle. AV-PL exhibits dynamical-replacement with vesicular trafficking that are orchestrated with amphiesmal chlortetracycline-labeled Ca<sup>2+</sup> stores signaling, integrating cellular growth with different modes of cell division cycle/progression. We reviewed the dynamics of amphiesma during different cell division cycle modes and life cycle stages, and its multifaceted regulations, focusing on the regulatory and functional readouts, including the coral–zooxanthellae interactions.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/2/70cell wallharmful algal bloomscystdinoflagellatesamphiesmacellulose |
| spellingShingle | Alvin Chun Man Kwok Wai Sun Chan Joseph Tin Yum Wong Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth Marine Drugs cell wall harmful algal blooms cyst dinoflagellates amphiesma cellulose |
| title | Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth |
| title_full | Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth |
| title_fullStr | Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth |
| title_short | Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth |
| title_sort | dinoflagellate amphiesmal dynamics cell wall deposition with ecdysis and cellular growth |
| topic | cell wall harmful algal blooms cyst dinoflagellates amphiesma cellulose |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/2/70 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alvinchunmankwok dinoflagellateamphiesmaldynamicscellwalldepositionwithecdysisandcellulargrowth AT waisunchan dinoflagellateamphiesmaldynamicscellwalldepositionwithecdysisandcellulargrowth AT josephtinyumwong dinoflagellateamphiesmaldynamicscellwalldepositionwithecdysisandcellulargrowth |