Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines
Arthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infe...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/371 |
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author | Alejandro Marín-López Hamidah Raduwan Tse-Yu Chen Sergio Utrilla-Trigo David P. Wolfhard Erol Fikrig |
author_facet | Alejandro Marín-López Hamidah Raduwan Tse-Yu Chen Sergio Utrilla-Trigo David P. Wolfhard Erol Fikrig |
author_sort | Alejandro Marín-López |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Arthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infection from these arboviruses are often inapparent, mild, or nonspecific, but occasionally develop into serious complications marked by rapid onset, tremors, paralysis, hemorrhagic fever, neurological alterations, or death. They are predominately transmitted to humans through mosquito bite, during which saliva is inoculated into the skin to facilitate blood feeding. A new approach to prevent arboviral diseases has been proposed by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens. Viruses released within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host invasion by taking advantage of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. This provides a rationale for creating vaccines against mosquito salivary proteins, especially because of the lack of licensed vaccines against most of these viruses. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects on the host immune response by the mosquito salivary proteins and how these phenomena alter the infection outcome for different arboviruses, recent attempts to generate mosquito salivary-based vaccines against flavivirus including DENV, ZIKV, and WNV, and the potential benefits and pitfalls that this strategy involves. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:02:50Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-026ef17a7bba414d8b7d832e42182685 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2076-0817 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:02:50Z |
publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Pathogens |
spelling | doaj.art-026ef17a7bba414d8b7d832e421826852023-11-17T13:09:03ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-02-0112337110.3390/pathogens12030371Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for VaccinesAlejandro Marín-López0Hamidah Raduwan1Tse-Yu Chen2Sergio Utrilla-Trigo3David P. Wolfhard4Erol Fikrig5Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USAArthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infection from these arboviruses are often inapparent, mild, or nonspecific, but occasionally develop into serious complications marked by rapid onset, tremors, paralysis, hemorrhagic fever, neurological alterations, or death. They are predominately transmitted to humans through mosquito bite, during which saliva is inoculated into the skin to facilitate blood feeding. A new approach to prevent arboviral diseases has been proposed by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens. Viruses released within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host invasion by taking advantage of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. This provides a rationale for creating vaccines against mosquito salivary proteins, especially because of the lack of licensed vaccines against most of these viruses. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects on the host immune response by the mosquito salivary proteins and how these phenomena alter the infection outcome for different arboviruses, recent attempts to generate mosquito salivary-based vaccines against flavivirus including DENV, ZIKV, and WNV, and the potential benefits and pitfalls that this strategy involves.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/371mosquito salivaimmune responsesarbovirusesvaccines |
spellingShingle | Alejandro Marín-López Hamidah Raduwan Tse-Yu Chen Sergio Utrilla-Trigo David P. Wolfhard Erol Fikrig Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines Pathogens mosquito saliva immune responses arboviruses vaccines |
title | Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines |
title_full | Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines |
title_fullStr | Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines |
title_full_unstemmed | Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines |
title_short | Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines |
title_sort | mosquito salivary proteins and arbovirus infection from viral enhancers to potential targets for vaccines |
topic | mosquito saliva immune responses arboviruses vaccines |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/371 |
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