Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines

Arthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infe...

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Main Authors: Alejandro Marín-López, Hamidah Raduwan, Tse-Yu Chen, Sergio Utrilla-Trigo, David P. Wolfhard, Erol Fikrig
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-02-01
Series:Pathogens
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/371
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author Alejandro Marín-López
Hamidah Raduwan
Tse-Yu Chen
Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
David P. Wolfhard
Erol Fikrig
author_facet Alejandro Marín-López
Hamidah Raduwan
Tse-Yu Chen
Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
David P. Wolfhard
Erol Fikrig
author_sort Alejandro Marín-López
collection DOAJ
description Arthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infection from these arboviruses are often inapparent, mild, or nonspecific, but occasionally develop into serious complications marked by rapid onset, tremors, paralysis, hemorrhagic fever, neurological alterations, or death. They are predominately transmitted to humans through mosquito bite, during which saliva is inoculated into the skin to facilitate blood feeding. A new approach to prevent arboviral diseases has been proposed by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens. Viruses released within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host invasion by taking advantage of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. This provides a rationale for creating vaccines against mosquito salivary proteins, especially because of the lack of licensed vaccines against most of these viruses. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects on the host immune response by the mosquito salivary proteins and how these phenomena alter the infection outcome for different arboviruses, recent attempts to generate mosquito salivary-based vaccines against flavivirus including DENV, ZIKV, and WNV, and the potential benefits and pitfalls that this strategy involves.
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spelling doaj.art-026ef17a7bba414d8b7d832e421826852023-11-17T13:09:03ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-02-0112337110.3390/pathogens12030371Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for VaccinesAlejandro Marín-López0Hamidah Raduwan1Tse-Yu Chen2Sergio Utrilla-Trigo3David P. Wolfhard4Erol Fikrig5Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USAArthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infection from these arboviruses are often inapparent, mild, or nonspecific, but occasionally develop into serious complications marked by rapid onset, tremors, paralysis, hemorrhagic fever, neurological alterations, or death. They are predominately transmitted to humans through mosquito bite, during which saliva is inoculated into the skin to facilitate blood feeding. A new approach to prevent arboviral diseases has been proposed by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens. Viruses released within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host invasion by taking advantage of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. This provides a rationale for creating vaccines against mosquito salivary proteins, especially because of the lack of licensed vaccines against most of these viruses. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects on the host immune response by the mosquito salivary proteins and how these phenomena alter the infection outcome for different arboviruses, recent attempts to generate mosquito salivary-based vaccines against flavivirus including DENV, ZIKV, and WNV, and the potential benefits and pitfalls that this strategy involves.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/371mosquito salivaimmune responsesarbovirusesvaccines
spellingShingle Alejandro Marín-López
Hamidah Raduwan
Tse-Yu Chen
Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
David P. Wolfhard
Erol Fikrig
Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines
Pathogens
mosquito saliva
immune responses
arboviruses
vaccines
title Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines
title_full Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines
title_fullStr Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines
title_full_unstemmed Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines
title_short Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines
title_sort mosquito salivary proteins and arbovirus infection from viral enhancers to potential targets for vaccines
topic mosquito saliva
immune responses
arboviruses
vaccines
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/371
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