Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review
Recently, modern therapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and oncolytic virus have been developed. Because of the limited treatment effect of modern therapy alone, the immunostimulatory effect of radiotherapy attracted increasing attention. The combined use of radiotherapy and mo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9324 |
| _version_ | 1797545421068828672 |
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| author | Junko Takahashi Shinsuke Nagasawa |
| author_facet | Junko Takahashi Shinsuke Nagasawa |
| author_sort | Junko Takahashi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recently, modern therapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and oncolytic virus have been developed. Because of the limited treatment effect of modern therapy alone, the immunostimulatory effect of radiotherapy attracted increasing attention. The combined use of radiotherapy and modern therapy has been examined clinically and non-clinically, and its effectiveness has been confirmed recently. Because melanomas have high immunogenicity, better therapeutic outcomes are desired when using immunotherapy. However, sufficient therapeutic effects have not yet been achieved. Thus far, radiotherapy has been used only for local control of tumors. Although extremely rare, radiotherapy has also been reported for systemic control, i.e., abscopal effect. This is thought to be due to an antitumor immune response. Therefore, we herein summarize past information on not only the mechanism of immune effects on radiotherapy but also biomarkers reported in case reports on abscopal effects. We also reviewed the animal model suitable for evaluating abscopal effects. These results pave the way for further basic research or clinical studies on new treatment methods for melanoma. Currently, palliative radiation is administered to patients with metastatic melanoma for local control. If it is feasible to provide both systemic and local control, the treatment benefit for the patients is very large. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:15:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0290fafdc51b45e3836ae3793eed4a16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:15:11Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-0290fafdc51b45e3836ae3793eed4a162023-11-20T23:47:37ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-12-012123932410.3390/ijms21239324Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A ReviewJunko Takahashi0Shinsuke Nagasawa1Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, JapanDepartment of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, JapanRecently, modern therapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and oncolytic virus have been developed. Because of the limited treatment effect of modern therapy alone, the immunostimulatory effect of radiotherapy attracted increasing attention. The combined use of radiotherapy and modern therapy has been examined clinically and non-clinically, and its effectiveness has been confirmed recently. Because melanomas have high immunogenicity, better therapeutic outcomes are desired when using immunotherapy. However, sufficient therapeutic effects have not yet been achieved. Thus far, radiotherapy has been used only for local control of tumors. Although extremely rare, radiotherapy has also been reported for systemic control, i.e., abscopal effect. This is thought to be due to an antitumor immune response. Therefore, we herein summarize past information on not only the mechanism of immune effects on radiotherapy but also biomarkers reported in case reports on abscopal effects. We also reviewed the animal model suitable for evaluating abscopal effects. These results pave the way for further basic research or clinical studies on new treatment methods for melanoma. Currently, palliative radiation is administered to patients with metastatic melanoma for local control. If it is feasible to provide both systemic and local control, the treatment benefit for the patients is very large.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9324radiotherapyradioimmunotherapyabscopal effectmelanomaimmunotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Junko Takahashi Shinsuke Nagasawa Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review International Journal of Molecular Sciences radiotherapy radioimmunotherapy abscopal effect melanoma immunotherapy |
| title | Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review |
| title_full | Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review |
| title_short | Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review |
| title_sort | immunostimulatory effects of radiotherapy for local and systemic control of melanoma a review |
| topic | radiotherapy radioimmunotherapy abscopal effect melanoma immunotherapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/23/9324 |
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