Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis
As was shown in the previous part of the study, windshields are an important part of the passive safety means of modern low-floor trams with an extraordinary effect on pedestrian safety in a pedestrian–tram collisions. Therefore, maximum attention must be paid to the definition of tram windshield ch...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8974 |
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| author | Roman Jezdik Marek Sebik Petr Kubovy Frantisek Marsik Frantisek Lopot Barbora Hajkova Dita Hylmarova Martin Havlicek Ondrej Stocek Martin Doubek Tommi Tikkanen Martin Svoboda Karel Jelen |
| author_facet | Roman Jezdik Marek Sebik Petr Kubovy Frantisek Marsik Frantisek Lopot Barbora Hajkova Dita Hylmarova Martin Havlicek Ondrej Stocek Martin Doubek Tommi Tikkanen Martin Svoboda Karel Jelen |
| author_sort | Roman Jezdik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As was shown in the previous part of the study, windshields are an important part of the passive safety means of modern low-floor trams with an extraordinary effect on pedestrian safety in a pedestrian–tram collisions. Therefore, maximum attention must be paid to the definition of tram windshield characteristics. This article describes a windshield crash test, from which data are obtained to verify the feasibility of the applied computational approaches. A developed analytical model is utilised for a simple description of the energy balance during collision with an illustrative definition of the important parameters of laminated glass as well as their clear physical interpretations. The finite element analysis (FEA) performed in Ansys software using two versions of material definition, namely a simpler (*MAT_ELASTIC with nonlocal failure criterion) and a more complex (*MAT_GLASS with brittle stress-state-dependent failure) material model, which are presented as suitable for obtaining a detailed description of the shattering process of laminated glass, which can also be used effectively in windshield engineering. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:20:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-029e89b81bbf4e1aabbd79a55ea684d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:20:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-029e89b81bbf4e1aabbd79a55ea684d52023-11-10T15:12:59ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-11-012321897410.3390/s23218974Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and AnalysisRoman Jezdik0Marek Sebik1Petr Kubovy2Frantisek Marsik3Frantisek Lopot4Barbora Hajkova5Dita Hylmarova6Martin Havlicek7Ondrej Stocek8Martin Doubek9Tommi Tikkanen10Martin Svoboda11Karel Jelen12VUKV a.s., 158 00 Prague, Czech RepublicSVS FEM s.r.o., 628 00 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Designing and Machine Elements, Czech Technical University, 160 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Designing and Machine Elements, Czech Technical University, 160 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDopravní Podnik Hlavního Města Prahy, 190 22 Prague, Czech RepublicGIM Oy, 02650 Espoo, FinlandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech RepublicDepartment of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech RepublicAs was shown in the previous part of the study, windshields are an important part of the passive safety means of modern low-floor trams with an extraordinary effect on pedestrian safety in a pedestrian–tram collisions. Therefore, maximum attention must be paid to the definition of tram windshield characteristics. This article describes a windshield crash test, from which data are obtained to verify the feasibility of the applied computational approaches. A developed analytical model is utilised for a simple description of the energy balance during collision with an illustrative definition of the important parameters of laminated glass as well as their clear physical interpretations. The finite element analysis (FEA) performed in Ansys software using two versions of material definition, namely a simpler (*MAT_ELASTIC with nonlocal failure criterion) and a more complex (*MAT_GLASS with brittle stress-state-dependent failure) material model, which are presented as suitable for obtaining a detailed description of the shattering process of laminated glass, which can also be used effectively in windshield engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8974tramcrash testfront facewindshieldpedestriansafety |
| spellingShingle | Roman Jezdik Marek Sebik Petr Kubovy Frantisek Marsik Frantisek Lopot Barbora Hajkova Dita Hylmarova Martin Havlicek Ondrej Stocek Martin Doubek Tommi Tikkanen Martin Svoboda Karel Jelen Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis Sensors tram crash test front face windshield pedestrian safety |
| title | Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis |
| title_full | Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis |
| title_short | Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis |
| title_sort | pedestrian safety in frontal tram collision part 2 laminated glass as a crucial part of the absorption and deformation zone its impact test and analysis |
| topic | tram crash test front face windshield pedestrian safety |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8974 |
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