Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives
Optimal vision remains one of the most essential elements of the sensory system continuously threatened by many ocular pathologies. Various pharmacological agents possess the potential to effectively treat these ophthalmic conditions; however, the use and efficacy of conventional ophthalmic formulat...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/17/3580 |
| _version_ | 1797493478795509760 |
|---|---|
| author | Siphokazi B. K. Dludla Leshasha T. Mashabela Brian Ng’andwe Pedzisai A. Makoni Bwalya A. Witika |
| author_facet | Siphokazi B. K. Dludla Leshasha T. Mashabela Brian Ng’andwe Pedzisai A. Makoni Bwalya A. Witika |
| author_sort | Siphokazi B. K. Dludla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Optimal vision remains one of the most essential elements of the sensory system continuously threatened by many ocular pathologies. Various pharmacological agents possess the potential to effectively treat these ophthalmic conditions; however, the use and efficacy of conventional ophthalmic formulations is hindered by ocular anatomical barriers. Recent novel designs of ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDS) using nanotechnology show promising prospects, and ophthalmic formulations based on nanotechnology are currently being investigated due to their potential to bypass these barriers to ensure successful ocular drug delivery. More recently, stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers have gained more attention based on their great potential to effectively treat and alleviate many ocular diseases. The attraction is based on their biocompatibility and biodegradability, unique secondary conformations, varying functionalities, and, especially, the stimuli-enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. This review introduces the design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers, including those that are responsive to endogenous stimuli, viz., pH, reduction, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate, and enzymes or exogenous stimuli such as light, magnetic field or temperature, which are biologically related or applicable in clinical settings. Furthermore, the paper discusses the applications and prospects of these stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers that are capable of overcoming the biological barriers of ocular disease alleviation and/or treatment for in vivo administration. There remains a great need to accelerate the development of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers for clinical transition and applications in the treatment of ocular diseases and possible extrapolation to other topical applications such as ungual or otic drug delivery. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:20:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-02a97121a2aa4379a483a5711290d7e3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:20:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-02a97121a2aa4379a483a5711290d7e32023-11-23T13:59:12ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-08-011417358010.3390/polym14173580Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future PerspectivesSiphokazi B. K. Dludla0Leshasha T. Mashabela1Brian Ng’andwe2Pedzisai A. Makoni3Bwalya A. Witika4Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South AfricaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South AfricaUniversity Teaching Hospitals-Eye Hospital, Private Bag RW 1 X Ridgeway, Lusaka 10101, ZambiaDivision of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South AfricaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South AfricaOptimal vision remains one of the most essential elements of the sensory system continuously threatened by many ocular pathologies. Various pharmacological agents possess the potential to effectively treat these ophthalmic conditions; however, the use and efficacy of conventional ophthalmic formulations is hindered by ocular anatomical barriers. Recent novel designs of ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDS) using nanotechnology show promising prospects, and ophthalmic formulations based on nanotechnology are currently being investigated due to their potential to bypass these barriers to ensure successful ocular drug delivery. More recently, stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers have gained more attention based on their great potential to effectively treat and alleviate many ocular diseases. The attraction is based on their biocompatibility and biodegradability, unique secondary conformations, varying functionalities, and, especially, the stimuli-enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. This review introduces the design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers, including those that are responsive to endogenous stimuli, viz., pH, reduction, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate, and enzymes or exogenous stimuli such as light, magnetic field or temperature, which are biologically related or applicable in clinical settings. Furthermore, the paper discusses the applications and prospects of these stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers that are capable of overcoming the biological barriers of ocular disease alleviation and/or treatment for in vivo administration. There remains a great need to accelerate the development of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers for clinical transition and applications in the treatment of ocular diseases and possible extrapolation to other topical applications such as ungual or otic drug delivery.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/17/3580ocular drug deliverystimuli-responsive drug deliverynanotechnologyon-target drug delivery |
| spellingShingle | Siphokazi B. K. Dludla Leshasha T. Mashabela Brian Ng’andwe Pedzisai A. Makoni Bwalya A. Witika Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives Polymers ocular drug delivery stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanotechnology on-target drug delivery |
| title | Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives |
| title_full | Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives |
| title_short | Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives |
| title_sort | current advances in nano based and polymeric stimuli responsive drug delivery targeting the ocular microenvironment a review and envisaged future perspectives |
| topic | ocular drug delivery stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanotechnology on-target drug delivery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/17/3580 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT siphokazibkdludla currentadvancesinnanobasedandpolymericstimuliresponsivedrugdeliverytargetingtheocularmicroenvironmentareviewandenvisagedfutureperspectives AT leshashatmashabela currentadvancesinnanobasedandpolymericstimuliresponsivedrugdeliverytargetingtheocularmicroenvironmentareviewandenvisagedfutureperspectives AT brianngandwe currentadvancesinnanobasedandpolymericstimuliresponsivedrugdeliverytargetingtheocularmicroenvironmentareviewandenvisagedfutureperspectives AT pedzisaiamakoni currentadvancesinnanobasedandpolymericstimuliresponsivedrugdeliverytargetingtheocularmicroenvironmentareviewandenvisagedfutureperspectives AT bwalyaawitika currentadvancesinnanobasedandpolymericstimuliresponsivedrugdeliverytargetingtheocularmicroenvironmentareviewandenvisagedfutureperspectives |