Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In Jordan, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are not included in the national vaccination program. Due to the current availability of several PCVs, including PCV-10, PCV-...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/9/1396 |
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| author | Munir Abu-Helalah Asma’a Al-Mnayyis Hamed Alzoubi Ruba Al-Abdallah Hussein Jdaitawi Omar Nafi Kamel Abu-Sal Alaa Altawalbeh Alia Khlaifat Enas Al-Zayadneh Ihsan Almaaitah Ibrahim Borghol Fadi Batarseh Omar Okkeh Abdallah Dalal Ahmad Alhendi Mohammad Almaaitah Adnan Al-Lahham Mahmoud Gazo Faisal Abu Ekteish Ziad Elnasser |
| author_facet | Munir Abu-Helalah Asma’a Al-Mnayyis Hamed Alzoubi Ruba Al-Abdallah Hussein Jdaitawi Omar Nafi Kamel Abu-Sal Alaa Altawalbeh Alia Khlaifat Enas Al-Zayadneh Ihsan Almaaitah Ibrahim Borghol Fadi Batarseh Omar Okkeh Abdallah Dalal Ahmad Alhendi Mohammad Almaaitah Adnan Al-Lahham Mahmoud Gazo Faisal Abu Ekteish Ziad Elnasser |
| author_sort | Munir Abu-Helalah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In Jordan, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are not included in the national vaccination program. Due to the current availability of several PCVs, including PCV-10, PCV-13, and PCV-15, along with PCV-20, currently undergoing pediatric approvals globally, the decision to introduce PCVs and their selection should be based on valid local data on the common serotypes of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the frequency of serotypes of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> in children aged below 5 years hospitalized with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), including pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis, during the study’s duration in representative areas of Jordan. Serotyping for culture-positive cases was based on the capsular reaction test, known as the Quellung reaction. qPCR was conducted on the blood samples of patients with lobar pneumonia identified via X-ray or on cerebrospinal fluid for those with a positive latex agglutination test for <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. Results: This study was based on the analysis of the serotypes of 1015 <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> cases among children younger than the age of 5: 1006 cases with pneumonia, 6 cases with meningitis, and 3 cases with septicemia. Only 23 culture-positive cases were identified in comparison to 992 lobar pneumonia cases, which were PCR-positive but culture-negative, with a PCR positivity rate of 92%. Serotypes 6B, 6A, 14, and 19F were the most common serotypes identified in this study, with prevalence rates of 16.45%, 13.60%, 12.12%, and 8.18%, respectively. PCV-10, PCV-13, PCV-15, and PCV-20 coverage rates were 45.32%, 61.87%, 64.14%, and 68.47%, respectively. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest prospective study from the Middle East and one of the largest studies worldwide showing the serotypes of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. It reveals the urgency for the introduction of a PCV vaccination in Jordan, utilizing recently developed vaccines with a broader serotype coverage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:52:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-02af2f06b2ce41bea94e31d1b9c38bba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:52:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-02af2f06b2ce41bea94e31d1b9c38bba2023-11-19T13:18:23ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-08-01119139610.3390/vaccines11091396Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional StudyMunir Abu-Helalah0Asma’a Al-Mnayyis1Hamed Alzoubi2Ruba Al-Abdallah3Hussein Jdaitawi4Omar Nafi5Kamel Abu-Sal6Alaa Altawalbeh7Alia Khlaifat8Enas Al-Zayadneh9Ihsan Almaaitah10Ibrahim Borghol11Fadi Batarseh12Omar Okkeh13Abdallah Dalal14Ahmad Alhendi15Mohammad Almaaitah16Adnan Al-Lahham17Mahmoud Gazo18Faisal Abu Ekteish19Ziad Elnasser20Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman 11942, JordanDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, JordanDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanMedical Department, MENA Center for Research & Development and Internship, Amman 11931, JordanMinistry of Health, Princess Rahma Pediatrics Hospital, Irbid 21163, JordanFaculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Mutah 61110, JordanVaccines Department, Ministry of Health, Amman 11931, JordanRoyal Medical Services, Amman 1193, JordanRoyal Medical Services, Amman 1193, JordanDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman 11942, JordanPediatrics Department, Zarqa Governmental Hospital, Zarqa 13116, JordanAlbashir Hospital, Amman 11931, JordanMedical Department, MENA Center for Research & Development and Internship, Amman 11931, JordanMedical Department, MENA Center for Research & Development and Internship, Amman 11931, JordanMedical Department, MENA Center for Research & Development and Internship, Amman 11931, JordanMedical Department, MENA Center for Research & Development and Internship, Amman 11931, JordanRoyal Medical Services, Amman 1193, JordanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German-Jordanian University, Amman 11931, JordanDepartment of Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Amman 11931, JordanDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanIntroduction: <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In Jordan, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are not included in the national vaccination program. Due to the current availability of several PCVs, including PCV-10, PCV-13, and PCV-15, along with PCV-20, currently undergoing pediatric approvals globally, the decision to introduce PCVs and their selection should be based on valid local data on the common serotypes of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the frequency of serotypes of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> in children aged below 5 years hospitalized with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), including pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis, during the study’s duration in representative areas of Jordan. Serotyping for culture-positive cases was based on the capsular reaction test, known as the Quellung reaction. qPCR was conducted on the blood samples of patients with lobar pneumonia identified via X-ray or on cerebrospinal fluid for those with a positive latex agglutination test for <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. Results: This study was based on the analysis of the serotypes of 1015 <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> cases among children younger than the age of 5: 1006 cases with pneumonia, 6 cases with meningitis, and 3 cases with septicemia. Only 23 culture-positive cases were identified in comparison to 992 lobar pneumonia cases, which were PCR-positive but culture-negative, with a PCR positivity rate of 92%. Serotypes 6B, 6A, 14, and 19F were the most common serotypes identified in this study, with prevalence rates of 16.45%, 13.60%, 12.12%, and 8.18%, respectively. PCV-10, PCV-13, PCV-15, and PCV-20 coverage rates were 45.32%, 61.87%, 64.14%, and 68.47%, respectively. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest prospective study from the Middle East and one of the largest studies worldwide showing the serotypes of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. It reveals the urgency for the introduction of a PCV vaccination in Jordan, utilizing recently developed vaccines with a broader serotype coverage.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/9/1396<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>serotypeJordaninvasive pneumococcal diseasepediatrics |
| spellingShingle | Munir Abu-Helalah Asma’a Al-Mnayyis Hamed Alzoubi Ruba Al-Abdallah Hussein Jdaitawi Omar Nafi Kamel Abu-Sal Alaa Altawalbeh Alia Khlaifat Enas Al-Zayadneh Ihsan Almaaitah Ibrahim Borghol Fadi Batarseh Omar Okkeh Abdallah Dalal Ahmad Alhendi Mohammad Almaaitah Adnan Al-Lahham Mahmoud Gazo Faisal Abu Ekteish Ziad Elnasser Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study Vaccines <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotype Jordan invasive pneumococcal disease pediatrics |
| title | Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full | Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_short | Epidemiology of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_sort | epidemiology of i streptococcus pneumoniae i serotypes in jordan amongst children younger than the age of 5 a national cross sectional study |
| topic | <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotype Jordan invasive pneumococcal disease pediatrics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/9/1396 |
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