Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Plants
The involvement of cytokinins (CK) in biotic stresses has been recognized, while knowledge regarding the effects of CK deficiency on plant response against pathogens is less abundant. Thus, the purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of CK deficiency on proteomics and metabolomic responses o...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/16/2123 |
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| author | Ling Pan Miroslav Berka Martin Černý Jan Novák Markéta Luklová Břetislav Brzobohatý Iñigo Saiz-Fernández |
| author_facet | Ling Pan Miroslav Berka Martin Černý Jan Novák Markéta Luklová Břetislav Brzobohatý Iñigo Saiz-Fernández |
| author_sort | Ling Pan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The involvement of cytokinins (CK) in biotic stresses has been recognized, while knowledge regarding the effects of CK deficiency on plant response against pathogens is less abundant. Thus, the purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of CK deficiency on proteomics and metabolomic responses of flg22-triggered immunity. We conducted a series of histochemical assays to investigate the activity of the downstream pathways caused by flg22, such as accumulation of ROS, induction of defence genes, and callose deposition, that occurred in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> transgenic lines overexpressing the <i>Hordeum vulgare CKX</i>2 gene (<i>HvCKX</i>2), which are therefore CK-deficient. We also used GC and LC-MS-based technology to quantify variations in stress hormone levels and metabolomic and proteomic responses in flg22-treated <i>HvCKX2</i> and wild-type <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants. We found that CK deficiency alters the flg22-triggered plant defence response, especially through induction of callose deposition, upregulation of defence response-related proteins, increased amino acid biosynthesis, and regulation of plant photosynthesis. We also indicated that JA might be an important contributor to immune response in plants deficient in CKs. The present study offers new evidence on the fundamental role of endogenous CK in the response to pathogens, as well as the possibility of altering plant biotic tolerance by manipulating CK pools. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:43:24Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:43:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-02bec566711b474383bce5ea3b3e38c92023-11-30T22:14:17ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-08-011116212310.3390/plants11162123Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> PlantsLing Pan0Miroslav Berka1Martin Černý2Jan Novák3Markéta Luklová4Břetislav Brzobohatý5Iñigo Saiz-Fernández6College of Forestry, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, ChinaDepartment of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech RepublicThe involvement of cytokinins (CK) in biotic stresses has been recognized, while knowledge regarding the effects of CK deficiency on plant response against pathogens is less abundant. Thus, the purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of CK deficiency on proteomics and metabolomic responses of flg22-triggered immunity. We conducted a series of histochemical assays to investigate the activity of the downstream pathways caused by flg22, such as accumulation of ROS, induction of defence genes, and callose deposition, that occurred in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> transgenic lines overexpressing the <i>Hordeum vulgare CKX</i>2 gene (<i>HvCKX</i>2), which are therefore CK-deficient. We also used GC and LC-MS-based technology to quantify variations in stress hormone levels and metabolomic and proteomic responses in flg22-treated <i>HvCKX2</i> and wild-type <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants. We found that CK deficiency alters the flg22-triggered plant defence response, especially through induction of callose deposition, upregulation of defence response-related proteins, increased amino acid biosynthesis, and regulation of plant photosynthesis. We also indicated that JA might be an important contributor to immune response in plants deficient in CKs. The present study offers new evidence on the fundamental role of endogenous CK in the response to pathogens, as well as the possibility of altering plant biotic tolerance by manipulating CK pools.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/16/2123<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>cytokininFlg22 peptidedefence responsemetabolomeproteome |
| spellingShingle | Ling Pan Miroslav Berka Martin Černý Jan Novák Markéta Luklová Břetislav Brzobohatý Iñigo Saiz-Fernández Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Plants Plants <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> cytokinin Flg22 peptide defence response metabolome proteome |
| title | Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Plants |
| title_full | Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Plants |
| title_fullStr | Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Plants |
| title_short | Cytokinin Deficiency Alters Leaf Proteome and Metabolome during Effector-Triggered Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Plants |
| title_sort | cytokinin deficiency alters leaf proteome and metabolome during effector triggered immunity in i arabidopsis thaliana i plants |
| topic | <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> cytokinin Flg22 peptide defence response metabolome proteome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/16/2123 |
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