HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies
Children and adolescents living with HIV continue to be impacted disproportionately by tuberculosis as compared to peers without HIV. HIV can impact TB screening and diagnosis by altering screening and diagnostic test performance and can complicate prevention and treatment strategies due to drug–dru...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/1/33 |
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| author | Alexander W. Kay Helena Rabie Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo Moorine Penninah Sekadde Mark F. Cotton Anna M. Mandalakas |
| author_facet | Alexander W. Kay Helena Rabie Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo Moorine Penninah Sekadde Mark F. Cotton Anna M. Mandalakas |
| author_sort | Alexander W. Kay |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Children and adolescents living with HIV continue to be impacted disproportionately by tuberculosis as compared to peers without HIV. HIV can impact TB screening and diagnosis by altering screening and diagnostic test performance and can complicate prevention and treatment strategies due to drug–drug interactions. Post-tuberculosis lung disease is an underappreciated phenomenon in children and adolescents, but is more commonly observed in children and adolescents with HIV-associated tuberculosis. This review presents new data related to HIV-associated TB in children and adolescents. Data on the epidemiology of HIV-associated TB suggests that an elevated risk of TB in children and adolescents with HIV persists even with broad implementation of ART. Recent guidance also indicates the need for new screening strategies for HIV-associated TB. There have been major advances in the availability of new antiretroviral medications and also TB prevention options for children, but these advances have come with additional questions surrounding drug–drug interactions and dosing in younger age groups. Finally, we review new approaches to manage post-TB lung disease in children living with HIV. Collectively, we present data on the rapidly evolving field of HIV-associated child tuberculosis. This evolution offers new management opportunities for children and adolescents living with HIV while also generating new questions for additional research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:45:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-02d8aa6d453e46cc877284a4affc0450 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:45:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-02d8aa6d453e46cc877284a4affc04502023-11-23T14:59:22ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172021-12-011113310.3390/pathogens11010033HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management StrategiesAlexander W. Kay0Helena Rabie1Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo2Moorine Penninah Sekadde3Mark F. Cotton4Anna M. Mandalakas5Global Tuberculosis Program, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Chidlren’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USADepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health and FAMCRU, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South AfricaDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, KenyaNational Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme (NTLP), Kampala 7272, UgandaChildren’s Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South AfricaGlobal Tuberculosis Program, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Chidlren’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USAChildren and adolescents living with HIV continue to be impacted disproportionately by tuberculosis as compared to peers without HIV. HIV can impact TB screening and diagnosis by altering screening and diagnostic test performance and can complicate prevention and treatment strategies due to drug–drug interactions. Post-tuberculosis lung disease is an underappreciated phenomenon in children and adolescents, but is more commonly observed in children and adolescents with HIV-associated tuberculosis. This review presents new data related to HIV-associated TB in children and adolescents. Data on the epidemiology of HIV-associated TB suggests that an elevated risk of TB in children and adolescents with HIV persists even with broad implementation of ART. Recent guidance also indicates the need for new screening strategies for HIV-associated TB. There have been major advances in the availability of new antiretroviral medications and also TB prevention options for children, but these advances have come with additional questions surrounding drug–drug interactions and dosing in younger age groups. Finally, we review new approaches to manage post-TB lung disease in children living with HIV. Collectively, we present data on the rapidly evolving field of HIV-associated child tuberculosis. This evolution offers new management opportunities for children and adolescents living with HIV while also generating new questions for additional research.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/1/33tuberculosisHIVchildadolescent |
| spellingShingle | Alexander W. Kay Helena Rabie Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo Moorine Penninah Sekadde Mark F. Cotton Anna M. Mandalakas HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies Pathogens tuberculosis HIV child adolescent |
| title | HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies |
| title_full | HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies |
| title_fullStr | HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies |
| title_short | HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies |
| title_sort | hiv associated tuberculosis in children and adolescents evolving epidemiology screening prevention and management strategies |
| topic | tuberculosis HIV child adolescent |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/1/33 |
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