Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional Security
Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout the world. They are widely consumed due to their nutrients, use in energy supplements, and numerous health benefits. There is significant interest among consumers about this naturally available source, rich in flavonoids and antioxidants. However, unde...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/7/862 |
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| author | Dinesh Kumar Milind Shivratan Ladaniya Manju Gurjar Sunil Kumar Sachin Mendke |
| author_facet | Dinesh Kumar Milind Shivratan Ladaniya Manju Gurjar Sunil Kumar Sachin Mendke |
| author_sort | Dinesh Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout the world. They are widely consumed due to their nutrients, use in energy supplements, and numerous health benefits. There is significant interest among consumers about this naturally available source, rich in flavonoids and antioxidants. However, underutilized citrus varieties remain unexplored due to the lack of information about the pool of nutritive properties they confer. Ten underutilized citrus varieties were collected from Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India, identified by UNESCO as a Biosphere reserve, to study the diversity in terms of limonin, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, browning, flavonoids, total phenol, and antioxidant activity, the contents of which varied significantly among different citrus cultivars. The results indicated that Citron and Pomelo were good sources of ascorbic acid (29.50 and 45.09 mg/100 mL), and that Khasi papeda was found to contain lower limonin content (9.21 ppm). However, in terms of flavonoids, Khasi papeda and Pomelo were found to exhibit a higher naringin content (189.13 ppm and 32.15 ppm), whereas the hesperidin content was highest in Kachai lemon, Khasi papeda, and Chinotto, at 199.51 ppm, 148.04 ppm, and 135.88 ppm, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by three antioxidant assays (ABTS<sup>+</sup> (radical cation azino-bis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)). Khasi papeda (7.48 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox), Chinotto (7.48 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox), and Pomelo (7.48 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox) exhibited the highest reducing power with DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Khasi papeda (15.41 mg GAE L<sup>−1</sup>) possessed a higher phenolic content, whereas the antioxidant activity when assessed with ABTS and FRAP assays was highest among the underutilized species of Khasi papeda (4.84 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox, 1.93 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox) and Ada Jamir (4.96 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox, 2.03 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the very few papers presenting comprehensive data on the metabolic diversity of flavonoids and antioxidant potential to characterize the underutilized citrus species. This study also demonstrated that Khasi papeda, Pomelo, Chinotto, and Kachai lemon can serve as potential sources of functional components, bioactive compounds, and antioxidants, which can be explored for further application in the processing industry for nutritional security. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-03050534e2b1449aafa6984aee7c2fa22023-11-30T23:50:01ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-03-0111786210.3390/plants11070862Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional SecurityDinesh Kumar0Milind Shivratan Ladaniya1Manju Gurjar2Sunil Kumar3Sachin Mendke4ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, IndiaICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, IndiaICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, IndiaICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, IndiaICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, IndiaCitrus fruits are grown commercially throughout the world. They are widely consumed due to their nutrients, use in energy supplements, and numerous health benefits. There is significant interest among consumers about this naturally available source, rich in flavonoids and antioxidants. However, underutilized citrus varieties remain unexplored due to the lack of information about the pool of nutritive properties they confer. Ten underutilized citrus varieties were collected from Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India, identified by UNESCO as a Biosphere reserve, to study the diversity in terms of limonin, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, browning, flavonoids, total phenol, and antioxidant activity, the contents of which varied significantly among different citrus cultivars. The results indicated that Citron and Pomelo were good sources of ascorbic acid (29.50 and 45.09 mg/100 mL), and that Khasi papeda was found to contain lower limonin content (9.21 ppm). However, in terms of flavonoids, Khasi papeda and Pomelo were found to exhibit a higher naringin content (189.13 ppm and 32.15 ppm), whereas the hesperidin content was highest in Kachai lemon, Khasi papeda, and Chinotto, at 199.51 ppm, 148.04 ppm, and 135.88 ppm, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by three antioxidant assays (ABTS<sup>+</sup> (radical cation azino-bis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)). Khasi papeda (7.48 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox), Chinotto (7.48 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox), and Pomelo (7.48 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox) exhibited the highest reducing power with DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Khasi papeda (15.41 mg GAE L<sup>−1</sup>) possessed a higher phenolic content, whereas the antioxidant activity when assessed with ABTS and FRAP assays was highest among the underutilized species of Khasi papeda (4.84 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox, 1.93 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox) and Ada Jamir (4.96 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox, 2.03 mM L<sup>−1</sup> Trolox), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the very few papers presenting comprehensive data on the metabolic diversity of flavonoids and antioxidant potential to characterize the underutilized citrus species. This study also demonstrated that Khasi papeda, Pomelo, Chinotto, and Kachai lemon can serve as potential sources of functional components, bioactive compounds, and antioxidants, which can be explored for further application in the processing industry for nutritional security.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/7/862hesperidinnaringinABTSDPPHFRAPlimonin |
| spellingShingle | Dinesh Kumar Milind Shivratan Ladaniya Manju Gurjar Sunil Kumar Sachin Mendke Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional Security Plants hesperidin naringin ABTS DPPH FRAP limonin |
| title | Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional Security |
| title_full | Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional Security |
| title_fullStr | Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional Security |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional Security |
| title_short | Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential for Characterization of Underutilized Citrus Species for Nutritional Security |
| title_sort | metabolic diversity of flavonoids and antioxidant potential for characterization of underutilized citrus species for nutritional security |
| topic | hesperidin naringin ABTS DPPH FRAP limonin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/7/862 |
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