A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission
Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent and control diseases in aquaculture. However, long-term/overuse of antibiotics not only leaves residues but results in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are widespread in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/5/420 |
| _version_ | 1797598200452874240 |
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| author | Xia Yuan Ziqing Lv Zeyu Zhang Yu Han Zhiquan Liu Hangjun Zhang |
| author_facet | Xia Yuan Ziqing Lv Zeyu Zhang Yu Han Zhiquan Liu Hangjun Zhang |
| author_sort | Xia Yuan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent and control diseases in aquaculture. However, long-term/overuse of antibiotics not only leaves residues but results in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are widespread in aquaculture ecosystems. However, their impacts and interaction mechanisms in biotic and abiotic media remain to be clarified. In this paper, we summarized the detection methods, present status, and transfer mechanisms of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs in water, sediment, and aquaculture organisms. Currently, the dominant methods of detecting antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are UPLC−MS/MS, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metagenomics, respectively. Tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides are most frequently detected in aquaculture. Generally, antibiotic concentrations and ARG abundance in sediment are much higher than those in water. Yet, no obvious patterns in the category of antibiotics or ARB are present in organisms or the environment. The key mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria include reducing the cell membrane permeability, enhancing antibiotic efflux, and structural changes in antibiotic target proteins. Moreover, horizontal transfer is a major pathway for ARGs transfer, including conjugation, transformation, transduction, and vesiculation. Identifying, quantifying, and summarizing the interactions and transmission mechanisms of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB would provide useful information for future disease diagnosis and scientific management in aquaculture. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:16:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-031f6a322c524170aa48b9b00960acf0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:16:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-031f6a322c524170aa48b9b00960acf02023-11-18T03:32:25ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-04-0111542010.3390/toxics11050420A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and TransmissionXia Yuan0Ziqing Lv1Zeyu Zhang2Yu Han3Zhiquan Liu4Hangjun Zhang5School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaAntibiotics are commonly used to prevent and control diseases in aquaculture. However, long-term/overuse of antibiotics not only leaves residues but results in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are widespread in aquaculture ecosystems. However, their impacts and interaction mechanisms in biotic and abiotic media remain to be clarified. In this paper, we summarized the detection methods, present status, and transfer mechanisms of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs in water, sediment, and aquaculture organisms. Currently, the dominant methods of detecting antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are UPLC−MS/MS, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metagenomics, respectively. Tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides are most frequently detected in aquaculture. Generally, antibiotic concentrations and ARG abundance in sediment are much higher than those in water. Yet, no obvious patterns in the category of antibiotics or ARB are present in organisms or the environment. The key mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria include reducing the cell membrane permeability, enhancing antibiotic efflux, and structural changes in antibiotic target proteins. Moreover, horizontal transfer is a major pathway for ARGs transfer, including conjugation, transformation, transduction, and vesiculation. Identifying, quantifying, and summarizing the interactions and transmission mechanisms of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB would provide useful information for future disease diagnosis and scientific management in aquaculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/5/420aquacultureantibioticsantibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB)antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)contaminationtransmission |
| spellingShingle | Xia Yuan Ziqing Lv Zeyu Zhang Yu Han Zhiquan Liu Hangjun Zhang A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission Toxics aquaculture antibiotics antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) contamination transmission |
| title | A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission |
| title_full | A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission |
| title_fullStr | A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission |
| title_short | A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission |
| title_sort | review of antibiotics antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes in aquaculture occurrence contamination and transmission |
| topic | aquaculture antibiotics antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) contamination transmission |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/5/420 |
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