Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years
More and more droughts happened during the last decades, threatening natural forests in the semi-arid regions of North China. The increase in drought pressure may have an impact on stand transpiration (T) in semi-arid regions due to rising temperature and changes in precipitation. It is unclear how...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/10/1729 |
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| author | Yiheng Wu Pengwu Zhao Mei Zhou Zebin Liu Huaxia Yao Jiangsheng Wei Yang Shu Jiamei Li Changlin Xiang Liwen Zhou |
| author_facet | Yiheng Wu Pengwu Zhao Mei Zhou Zebin Liu Huaxia Yao Jiangsheng Wei Yang Shu Jiamei Li Changlin Xiang Liwen Zhou |
| author_sort | Yiheng Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | More and more droughts happened during the last decades, threatening natural forests in the semi-arid regions of North China. The increase in drought pressure may have an impact on stand transpiration (T) in semi-arid regions due to rising temperature and changes in precipitation. It is unclear how the transpiration of natural forest in semi-arid regions respond to drought, which is regulated by environmental factors. In this study, a relatively simple but mechanism-based forest stand T model that couples the effects of the reference T, solar radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and relative extractable water (REW) in the 0–80 cm soil layer was developed to quantify the independent impacts of Rn, VPD, and REW on T. The model was established based on the observed sap flow of four sample trees, and environmental factors were observed from May to September in different hydrological years (2015, 2017, 2018, and 2021) in a pure white birch (<i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev) forest stand in the southern section of the Greater Khingan Mountains, northeastern China. The sap flow data were used to calculate tree transpiration (Tt) and T to calibrate the T model. The results indicated that (1) The Tt sharply declined in the ‘dry’ year compared with that in the ‘wetter’ year. The daily Tt for small trees in the ‘dry’ year was only one-fifth of that in the ‘wetter’ year, and the daily Tt of large trees was 48% lower than that in the ‘normal’ year; (2) Large trees transpired more water than small trees, e.g., the daily Tt of small trees was 89% lower than that of the large trees in the ‘normal’ year; (3) Daily T increased with the increase in Rn, and the response conformed to a binomial function. Daily T responded to the rise of VPD and REW in an exponential function, first increasing rapidly, gradually reaching the threshold or peak value, and then stabilizing; (4) The driving factors for the T shift in different hydrological years were the REW in the ‘dry’ year, but the Rn and REW in the ‘wet’, ‘normal’, and ‘wetter’ years. The REW in the ‘wet’ and ‘wetter’ years exerted positive effects on T, but in the ‘normal’ and ‘dry’ year, exerted negative effects on T. Thus, the environmental factors affecting T were not the same in different hydrological years. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:12:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-032f45ecd3e747f786705f648b2768b8 |
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| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:12:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-032f45ecd3e747f786705f648b2768b82023-11-24T00:10:50ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-10-011310172910.3390/f13101729Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological YearsYiheng Wu0Pengwu Zhao1Mei Zhou2Zebin Liu3Huaxia Yao4Jiangsheng Wei5Yang Shu6Jiamei Li7Changlin Xiang8Liwen Zhou9College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, ChinaResearch Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the State Forestry Administration of China, Beijing 100091, ChinaInland Waters Unit, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks, Dorset, ON P0A 1E0, CanadaNational Orientation Observation and Research Station of Saihanwula Forest Ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, Daban, Chifeng 025000, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, ChinaResearch Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the State Forestry Administration of China, Beijing 100091, ChinaNational Orientation Observation and Research Station of Saihanwula Forest Ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, Daban, Chifeng 025000, ChinaNational Orientation Observation and Research Station of Saihanwula Forest Ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, Daban, Chifeng 025000, ChinaMore and more droughts happened during the last decades, threatening natural forests in the semi-arid regions of North China. The increase in drought pressure may have an impact on stand transpiration (T) in semi-arid regions due to rising temperature and changes in precipitation. It is unclear how the transpiration of natural forest in semi-arid regions respond to drought, which is regulated by environmental factors. In this study, a relatively simple but mechanism-based forest stand T model that couples the effects of the reference T, solar radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and relative extractable water (REW) in the 0–80 cm soil layer was developed to quantify the independent impacts of Rn, VPD, and REW on T. The model was established based on the observed sap flow of four sample trees, and environmental factors were observed from May to September in different hydrological years (2015, 2017, 2018, and 2021) in a pure white birch (<i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev) forest stand in the southern section of the Greater Khingan Mountains, northeastern China. The sap flow data were used to calculate tree transpiration (Tt) and T to calibrate the T model. The results indicated that (1) The Tt sharply declined in the ‘dry’ year compared with that in the ‘wetter’ year. The daily Tt for small trees in the ‘dry’ year was only one-fifth of that in the ‘wetter’ year, and the daily Tt of large trees was 48% lower than that in the ‘normal’ year; (2) Large trees transpired more water than small trees, e.g., the daily Tt of small trees was 89% lower than that of the large trees in the ‘normal’ year; (3) Daily T increased with the increase in Rn, and the response conformed to a binomial function. Daily T responded to the rise of VPD and REW in an exponential function, first increasing rapidly, gradually reaching the threshold or peak value, and then stabilizing; (4) The driving factors for the T shift in different hydrological years were the REW in the ‘dry’ year, but the Rn and REW in the ‘wet’, ‘normal’, and ‘wetter’ years. The REW in the ‘wet’ and ‘wetter’ years exerted positive effects on T, but in the ‘normal’ and ‘dry’ year, exerted negative effects on T. Thus, the environmental factors affecting T were not the same in different hydrological years.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/10/1729<i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev forestcoupling modeldroughtenvironmental factorsstand transpiration |
| spellingShingle | Yiheng Wu Pengwu Zhao Mei Zhou Zebin Liu Huaxia Yao Jiangsheng Wei Yang Shu Jiamei Li Changlin Xiang Liwen Zhou Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years Forests <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev forest coupling model drought environmental factors stand transpiration |
| title | Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years |
| title_full | Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years |
| title_fullStr | Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years |
| title_short | Environmental Factors Driving the Transpiration of a <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev Forest in a Semi-arid Region in North China during Different Hydrological Years |
| title_sort | environmental factors driving the transpiration of a i betula platyphylla i sukaczev forest in a semi arid region in north china during different hydrological years |
| topic | <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev forest coupling model drought environmental factors stand transpiration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/10/1729 |
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