Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand?
Type I hypersensitivity, or so-called type I allergy, is caused by Th2-mediated immune responses directed against otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment with the potential to re-establish clinical tolerance...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348305/full |
| _version_ | 1827344808220295168 |
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| author | Yen-Ju Lin Jennifer Zimmermann Stefan Schülke Stefan Schülke |
| author_facet | Yen-Ju Lin Jennifer Zimmermann Stefan Schülke Stefan Schülke |
| author_sort | Yen-Ju Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type I hypersensitivity, or so-called type I allergy, is caused by Th2-mediated immune responses directed against otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment with the potential to re-establish clinical tolerance towards the corresponding allergen(s). However, conventional AIT has certain drawbacks, including long treatment durations, the risk of inducing allergic side effects, and the fact that allergens by themselves have a rather low immunogenicity. To improve AIT, adjuvants can be a powerful tool not only to increase the immunogenicity of co-applied allergens but also to induce the desired immune activation, such as promoting allergen-specific Th1- or regulatory responses. This review summarizes the knowledge on adjuvants currently approved for use in human AIT: aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline tyrosine, and MPLA, as well as novel adjuvants that have been studied in recent years: oil-in-water emulsions, virus-like particles, viral components, carbohydrate-based adjuvants (QS-21, glucans, and mannan) and TLR-ligands (flagellin and CpG-ODN). The investigated adjuvants show distinct properties, such as prolonging allergen release at the injection site, inducing allergen-specific IgG production while also reducing IgE levels, as well as promoting differentiation and activation of different immune cells. In the future, better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the effects of these adjuvants in clinical settings may help us to improve AIT. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:54:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0342655234c5499fb3bc690e7359551e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:54:54Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-0342655234c5499fb3bc690e7359551e2024-02-23T04:53:52ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242024-02-011510.3389/fimmu.2024.13483051348305Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand?Yen-Ju Lin0Jennifer Zimmermann1Stefan Schülke2Stefan Schülke3Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, GermanySection Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, GermanySection Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, GermanySection Research Allergology (ALG 5), Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, GermanyType I hypersensitivity, or so-called type I allergy, is caused by Th2-mediated immune responses directed against otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment with the potential to re-establish clinical tolerance towards the corresponding allergen(s). However, conventional AIT has certain drawbacks, including long treatment durations, the risk of inducing allergic side effects, and the fact that allergens by themselves have a rather low immunogenicity. To improve AIT, adjuvants can be a powerful tool not only to increase the immunogenicity of co-applied allergens but also to induce the desired immune activation, such as promoting allergen-specific Th1- or regulatory responses. This review summarizes the knowledge on adjuvants currently approved for use in human AIT: aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline tyrosine, and MPLA, as well as novel adjuvants that have been studied in recent years: oil-in-water emulsions, virus-like particles, viral components, carbohydrate-based adjuvants (QS-21, glucans, and mannan) and TLR-ligands (flagellin and CpG-ODN). The investigated adjuvants show distinct properties, such as prolonging allergen release at the injection site, inducing allergen-specific IgG production while also reducing IgE levels, as well as promoting differentiation and activation of different immune cells. In the future, better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the effects of these adjuvants in clinical settings may help us to improve AIT.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348305/fulltype I hypersensitivityallergen-specific immunotherapyadjuvantCpGvirus-like particlemannan |
| spellingShingle | Yen-Ju Lin Jennifer Zimmermann Stefan Schülke Stefan Schülke Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? Frontiers in Immunology type I hypersensitivity allergen-specific immunotherapy adjuvant CpG virus-like particle mannan |
| title | Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? |
| title_full | Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? |
| title_fullStr | Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? |
| title_short | Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? |
| title_sort | novel adjuvants in allergen specific immunotherapy where do we stand |
| topic | type I hypersensitivity allergen-specific immunotherapy adjuvant CpG virus-like particle mannan |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348305/full |
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